{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:03:49Z","timestamp":1791669829895,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAF\/DMD\/14\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAF\/DMD\/14\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011733","name":"Glasgow Children?s Hospital Charity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Summer Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Summer Studentship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03336-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T00:45:51Z","timestamp":1550105151000},"page":"633-640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Skeletal disproportion in glucocorticoid-treated boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kung-Ting","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuko","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Capaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Horrocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Faisal","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sze Choong","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"3336_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2017.06.007","volume":"27","author":"M Matsumoto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsumoto M, Awano H, Lee T, Takeshima Y, Matsuo M, Iijima K (2017) Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are significantly shorter than those with Becker muscular dystrophy, with the higher incidence of short stature in Dp71 mutated subgroup. Neuromuscul Disord 27:1023\u20131028","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"3336_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01270.x","volume":"88","author":"BH Nagel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nagel BH, Mortier W, Elmlinger M, Wollmann HA, Schmitt K, Ranke MB (1999) Short stature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a study of 34 patients. Acta Paediatr 88:62\u201365","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"3336_CR3","first-page":"11","volume":"1","author":"D Rapaport","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rapaport D, Colletto GM, Vainzof M, Duaik MC, Zatz M (1991) Short stature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Growth Regul 1:11\u201315","journal-title":"Growth Regul"},{"key":"3336_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442472","volume":"147","author":"U Eiholzer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eiholzer U, Boltshauser E, Frey D, Molinari L, Zachmann M (1988) Short stature: a common feature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Eur J Pediatr 147:602\u2013605","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"3336_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1159\/000485185","volume":"89","author":"A Mason","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mason A, Gerasimidis K, Iljuhhina J, Laird S, Munro J, Gaya DR, Russell RK, Ahmed SF (2018) Long-term skeletal disproportion in childhood-onset Crohn's disease. Horm Res Paediatr 89:132\u2013135","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"3336_CR6","first-page":"221","volume":"60","author":"N Qayyum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Qayyum N, Alcocer L, Maxwell H, Beattie TJ, Murphy AV, Ramage IJ, Ahmed SF (2003) Skeletal disproportion in children with chronic renal disease. Horm Res 60:221\u2013226","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"3336_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3181fc35dd","volume":"30","author":"J Riad","year":"2010","unstructured":"Riad J, Finnbogason T, Brostrom E (2010) Leg length discrepancy in spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study. J Pediatr Orthop 30:846\u2013850","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"3336_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kei091","volume":"45","author":"VE MacRae","year":"2006","unstructured":"MacRae VE, Farquharson C, Ahmed SF (2006) The pathophysiology of the growth plate in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 45:11\u201319","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"3336_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R69","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0361","volume":"236","author":"CL Wood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wood CL, Soucek O, Wong SC, Zaman F, Farquharson C, Savendahl L, Ahmed SF (2018) Animal models to explore the effects of glucocorticoids on skeletal growth and structure. J Endocrinol 236:R69\u2013R91","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"3336_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30025-5","volume":"17","author":"DJ Birnkrant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Birnkrant DJ, Bushby K, Bann CM, Alman BA, Apkon SD, Blackwell A, Case LE, Cripe L, Hadjiyannakis S, Olson AK, Sheehan DW, Bolen J, Weber DR, Ward LM, Group DMDCCW (2018) Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management. Lancet Neurol 17:347\u2013361","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3336_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.07.032","volume":"81","author":"A Kyriakou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kyriakou A, Shepherd S, Mason A, Faisal Ahmed S (2015) A critical appraisal of vertebral fracture assessment in paediatrics. Bone 81:255\u2013259","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3336_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-113","volume":"8","author":"U Chinappen-Horsley","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chinappen-Horsley U, Blake GM, Fogelman I, Spector TD (2007) A method for determining skeletal lengths from DXA images. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 8:113","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"3336_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Capaldi N, Kao KT, MacDonald R, Grainger KC, Joseph S, Shepherd S, Mason A, Wong SC (2018) Feasibility of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry based images for measurement of height, sitting height, and leg length in children. J Clin Densitom:In press","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2018.06.006"},{"key":"3336_CR14","unstructured":"(May 2017) Physiotherapy manual North Star Network. Northstar Network, pp 65\u201374"},{"key":"3336_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.13","volume":"45","author":"WA Marshall","year":"1970","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM (1970) Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child 45:13\u201323","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3336_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2935","volume":"32","author":"NJ Crabtree","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crabtree NJ, Shaw NJ, Bishop NJ, Adams JE, Mughal MZ, Arundel P, Fewtrell MS, Ahmed SF, Treadgold LA, Hogler W, Bebbington NA, Ward KA, Team AS (2017) Amalgamated reference data for size-adjusted bone densitometry measurements in 3598 children and young adults-the ALPHABET study. J Bone Miner Res 32:172\u2013180","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"3336_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2009.05.002","volume":"12","author":"JH Cole","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cole JH, Dowthwaite JN, Scerpella TA, van der Meulen MC (2009) Correcting fan-beam magnification in clinical densitometry scans of growing subjects. J Clin Densitom 12:322\u2013329","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"},{"key":"3336_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004178","volume":"11","author":"RB Mazess","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mazess RB, Hanson JA, Payne R, Nord R, Wilson M (2000) Axial and total-body bone densitometry using a narrow-angle fan-beam. Osteoporos Int 11:158\u2013166","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"3336_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1751-x","volume":"16","author":"V Boudousq","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boudousq V, Goulart DM, Dinten JM, de Kerleau CC, Thomas E, Mares O, Kotzki PO (2005) Image resolution and magnification using a cone beam densitometer: optimizing data acquisition for hip morphometric analysis. Osteoporos Int 16:813\u2013822","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"207\u2013213","key":"3336_CR20","volume":"173","author":"MM Lamb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lamb MM, West NA, Ouyang L, Yang M, Weitzenkamp D, James K, Ciafaloni E, Pandya S, DiGuiseppi C, Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance R, Tracking N (2016) Corticosteroid treatment and growth patterns in ambulatory males with Duchenne muscular mystrophy. J Pediatr 173(207\u2013213):e203","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1759\u20131763","key":"3336_CR21","volume":"163","author":"NA West","year":"2013","unstructured":"West NA, Yang ML, Weitzenkamp DA, Andrews J, Meaney FJ, Oleszek J, Miller LA, Matthews D, DiGuiseppi C (2013) Patterns of growth in ambulatory males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Pediatr 163(1759\u20131763):e1751","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3336_CR22","first-page":"80","volume":"52","author":"M Zak","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zak M, Muller J, Karup Pedersen F (1999) Final height, armspan, subischial leg length and body proportions in juvenile chronic arthritis. A long-term follow-up study. Horm Res 52:80\u201385","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"3336_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30024-3","volume":"17","author":"DJ Birnkrant","year":"2018","unstructured":"Birnkrant DJ, Bushby K, Bann CM, Apkon SD, Blackwell A, Brumbaugh D, Case LE, Clemens PR, Hadjiyannakis S, Pandya S, Street N, Tomezsko J, Wagner KR, Ward LM, Weber DR, Group DMDCCW (2018) Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 1: diagnosis, and neuromuscular, rehabilitation, endocrine, and gastrointestinal and nutritional management. Lancet Neurol 17:251\u2013267","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"3336_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1159\/000355411","volume":"80","author":"AC Malaquias","year":"2013","unstructured":"Malaquias AC, Scalco RC, Fontenele EG, Costalonga EF, Baldin AD, Braz AF, Funari MF, Nishi MY, Guerra-Junior G, Mendonca BB, Arnhold IJ, Jorge AA (2013) The sitting height\/height ratio for age in healthy and short individuals and its potential role in selecting short children for SHOX analysis. Horm Res Paediatr 80:449\u2013456","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"3336_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.5.695","volume":"9","author":"M Clement-Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Clement-Jones M, Schiller S, Rao E, Blaschke RJ, Zuniga A, Zeller R, Robson SC, Binder G, Glass I, Strachan T, Lindsay S, Rappold GA (2000) The short stature homeobox gene SHOX is involved in skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 9:695\u2013702","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"3336_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.12.6289","volume":"84","author":"T Kosho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kosho T, Muroya K, Nagai T, Fujimoto M, Yokoya S, Sakamoto H, Hirano T, Terasaki H, Ohashi H, Nishimura G, Sato S, Matsuo N, Ogata T (1999) Skeletal features and growth patterns in 14 patients with haploinsufficiency of SHOX: implications for the development of Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4613\u20134621","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"3336_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.38.1.1","volume":"38","author":"T Ogata","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ogata T, Matsuo N, Nishimura G (2001) SHOX haploinsufficiency and overdosage: impact of gonadal function status. J Med Genet 38:1\u20136","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"3336_CR28","first-page":"124","volume":"69","author":"MF Messina","year":"2008","unstructured":"Messina MF, Aguennouz M, Arrigo T, Rodolico C, Valenzise M, Musumeci O, Vita G, Lanzano N, De Luca F (2008) Novel SHOX gene mutation in a short boy with Becker muscular dystrophy: double trouble in two adjacent genes. Horm Res 69:124\u2013128","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"3336_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarrazin E, von der Hagen M, Schara U, von Au K, Kaindl AM (2014) Growth and psychomotor development of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 18:38\u201344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2013.08.008"},{"key":"3336_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-001-0048-8","volume":"70","author":"E Schoenau","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schoenau E, Frost HM (2002) The \"muscle-bone unit\" in children and adolescents. Calcif Tissue Int 70:405\u2013407","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"3336_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2014.08.003","volume":"68","author":"A Ireland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ireland A, Rittweger J, Schonau E, Lamberg-Allardt C, Viljakainen H (2014) Time since onset of walking predicts tibial bone strength in early childhood. Bone 68:76\u201384","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3336_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2775","volume":"31","author":"A Ireland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ireland A, Sayers A, Deere KC, Emond A, Tobias JH (2016) Motor competence in early childhood is positively associated with bone strength in late adolescence. J Bone Miner Res 31:1089\u20131098","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"3336_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2006.04.014","volume":"39","author":"N Basso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Basso N, Heersche JN (2006) Effects of hind limb unloading and reloading on nitric oxide synthase expression and apoptosis of osteocytes and chondrocytes. Bone 39:807\u2013814","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"3336_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.3.493","volume":"17","author":"TS Gross","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gross TS, Srinivasan S, Liu CC, Clemens TL, Bain SD (2002) Noninvasive loading of the murine tibia: an in vivo model for the study of mechanotransduction. J Bone Miner Res 17:493\u2013501","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"3336_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06880","volume":"192","author":"CM Reijnders","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reijnders CM, Bravenboer N, Tromp AM, Blankenstein MA, Lips P (2007) Effect of mechanical loading on insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in rat tibia. J Endocrinol 192:131\u2013140","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"3336_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2010.03711.x","volume":"52","author":"D Oeffinger","year":"2010","unstructured":"Oeffinger D, Conaway M, Stevenson R, Hall J, Shapiro R, Tylkowski C (2010) Tibial length growth curves for ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 52:e195\u2013e201","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"3336_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2011.08.003","volume":"15","author":"D Krueger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krueger D, Vallarta-Ast N, Checovich M, Gemar D, Binkley N (2012) BMD measurement and precision: a comparison of GE Lunar Prodigy and iDXA densitometers. J Clin Densitom 15:21\u201325","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03336-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03336-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03336-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T19:28:08Z","timestamp":1581622088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03336-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03336-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-6199","1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6199","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Marina DiMarco has previously been funded by Atom International to train physiotherapists in research outcome measures for subjects with muscular dystrophies.The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the West of Scotland ethics committee.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Each parent and participant provided written informed consent\/assent prior to study enrolment.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}