{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:33:59Z","timestamp":1787164439823,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Temple Street Foundation, Temple Street Children's University Hospital Dublin.","award":["13.032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13.032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03338-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T17:21:03Z","timestamp":1550510463000},"page":"657-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Measurement properties of instruments for assessment of cervical spine function in infants with torticollis: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7018-7649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthea","family":"Seager","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dara","family":"Meldrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3338_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.05.007","volume":"90","author":"HE Aarnivala","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aarnivala HE, Valkama AM, Pirttiniemi PM (2014) Cranial shape, size and cervical motion in normal new-borns. Early Hum Dev 90:425\u2013430","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"3338_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-016-2773-z","volume":"175","author":"H Aarnivala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aarnivala H, Vuollo V, Harila V, Heikkinen T, Pirttiniemi P, Holmstr\u00f6m L, Valkama AM (2016) The course of positional cranial deformation from 3 to 12 months of age and associated risk factors: a follow-up with 3D imaging. Eur J Pediatr 175:1893\u20131903","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"3338_CR3","first-page":"S-45","volume":"18","author":"F Antonaci","year":"2000","unstructured":"Antonaci F, Ghirmai S, Bono G, Nappi G (2000) Current methods for cervical spine movement evaluation: a review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 18:S-45","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"3338_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E309","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000261542.32649.1f","volume":"32","author":"KB Arbogast","year":"2007","unstructured":"Arbogast KB, Gholve PA, Friedman JE, Maltese MR, Tomasello MF, Dormans JP (2007) Normal cervical spine range of motion in children 3\u201312 years old. Spine 32:E309\u2013E315","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3338_CR5","volume-title":"Comparison of 2-dimensonal and 3-dimensional motion analysis to measure infant cervical range of motion","author":"E Barske","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barske E, Draeger D, Keck K (2014) Comparison of 2-dimensonal and 3-dimensional motion analysis to measure infant cervical range of motion. Wisconsin physical therapy association, Wisconsin, USA"},{"key":"3338_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120210","volume":"93","author":"B Bartels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bartels B, De Groot JF, Terwee CB (2013) The six-minute walk test in chronic paediatric conditions: a systematic review of measurement properties. Phys Ther 93:529\u2013541","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181f6c386","volume":"22","author":"G Captier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Captier G, Dessauge D, Picot MC, Bigorre M, Gossard C, El Ammar J, Leboucq N (2011) Classification and pathogenic models of unintentional postural cranial deformities in infants: plagiocephalies and brachycephalies. J Craniofac Surg 22:33\u201341","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000171967.47358.47","volume":"16","author":"TM Chalain de","year":"2005","unstructured":"de Chalain TM, Park S (2005) Torticollis associated with positional plagiocephaly: a growing epidemic. J Craniofac Surg 16:411\u2013418","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR9","unstructured":"Chen TMK (1995) Infantile muscular torticollis: efficacy of conservative treatment with active programme and manual stretching. Chapter 4: pilot study on the measurement of passive rotation of the neck. Master of Philosophy Dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong (personal communication)"},{"key":"3338_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2005.05.010","volume":"86","author":"MM Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen MM, Chang HC, Hsieh CF, Yen MF, Chen TH (2005) Predictive model for congenital muscular torticollis: analysis of 1021 infants with sonography. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:2199\u20132203","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199414060-00022","volume":"14","author":"JC Cheng","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cheng JC, Au AW (1994) Infantile torticollis: a review of 624 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 14:802\u2013808","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"3338_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70286-6","volume":"134","author":"JC Cheng","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cheng JC, Tang SP, Chen TMK (1999) Sternocleidomastoid pseudotumor and congenital muscular torticollis in infants: a prospective study of 510 cases. J Pediatr 134:712\u2013716","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"3338_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.7833","volume":"35","author":"J Cheng","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cheng J, Tang S, Chen TMK, Wong E (2000) The clinical presentation and outcome of treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants\u20141086 cases. J Pediatr Surg 35:1091\u20131096","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200105000-00006","volume":"83","author":"JC Cheng","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cheng JC, Wong MW, Tang SP, Chen TMK, Shum SL, Wong EM (2001) Clinical determinants of the outcome of manual stretching in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants: a prospective study of 821 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83:679\u2013687","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"3338_CR15","unstructured":"Christensen C, Landsettle A, Antoszewski S, Ballard B, Carey H, Pax Lowes L (2013) ConservaPhys Occup Ther Pediatrtive management of congenital muscular torticollis: an evidence-based algorithm and preliminary treatment parameter recommendations. 33:453\u2013466"},{"key":"3338_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000165","volume":"27","author":"E Christensen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Christensen E, Castle KB, Hussey E (2015) Clinical feasibility of 2-dimensional video analysis of active cervical motion in congenital muscular torticollis. Pediatr Phys Ther 27:276\u2013283","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/J006v17n02_01","volume":"17","author":"D Cooperman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cooperman D (1997) The differential diagnosis of torticollis in children. Phys Occup Ther Paediatr 17:1\u201311","journal-title":"Phys Occup Ther Paediatr"},{"key":"3338_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.08.015","volume":"20","author":"F Dobson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dobson F, Hinman RS, Hall M, Terwee CB, Roos EM, Bennell KL (2012) Measurement properties of performance-based measures to assess physical function in hip and knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Osteoarthr Cartil 20:1548\u20131562","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"key":"3338_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.10.921","volume":"74","author":"C Emery","year":"1994","unstructured":"Emery C (1994) The determinants of treatment duration for congenital muscular torticollis. Phys Ther 74:921\u2013928","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(98)90098-5","volume":"14","author":"V Feipel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Feipel V, Rondelet B, Le Pallec JP, Rooze M (1999) Normal global motion of the cervical spine: an electrogoniometric study. Clin Biomech 14:462\u2013470","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"3338_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.492066","volume":"33","author":"C Fortin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fortin C, Ehrmann Feldman D, Cheriet F, Labelle H (2011) Clinical methods for quantifying body segment posture: a literature review. Disabil Rehabil 33:367\u2013383","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e318227cb2a","volume":"23","author":"J Fradette","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fradette J, Gagnon I, Kennedy E, Snider L, Majnemer A (2011) Clinical decision-making regarding intervention needs of infants with torticollis. Pediatr Phys Ther 23:249\u2013256","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215516673885","volume":"31","author":"E Giray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giray E, Karadag-Saygi E, Mansiz-Kaplan B, Tokgoz D, Bayindir O, Kayhan O (2017) A randomised, single-blinded pilot study evaluating the effects of kinesiology taping and the tape application techniques in addition to therapeutic exercises in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis. Clin Rehabil 31:1098\u20131106","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hald ES, Hertle RW, Yang D (2011) Application of a digital head-posture measuring system in children. Am J Ophthalmol 151:66\u201370, 70.e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.07.013"},{"key":"3338_CR25","first-page":"A4970","volume":"61","author":"L Hautopp","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hautopp L, Wester S, Bang B, Buus L, Grindsted J, Christensen K, Vinther A (2014) Benefit of physiotherapeutic treatment in children with torticollis. Dan Med J 61:A4970","journal-title":"Dan Med J"},{"key":"3338_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000623","volume":"96","author":"L He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He L, Yan X, Li J, Guan B, Ma L, Chen Y, Xu K (2017) Comparison of two dosages of stretching treatment in infants with congenital muscular torticollis: a randomised trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 96:333\u2013340","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR27","first-page":"647","volume":"55","author":"MJ Herman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Herman MJ (2006) Torticollis in infants and children: common and unusual causes. Instr Course Lect 55:647\u2013653","journal-title":"Instr Course Lect"},{"key":"3338_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1300\/J006v17n02_06","volume":"17","author":"N Hylton","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hylton N (1997) Infants with torticollis: the relationship between asymmetric head and neck positioning and postural development. Phys Occ Ther Ped 17:91\u2013117","journal-title":"Phys Occ Ther Ped"},{"key":"3338_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-4754(00)90248-3","volume":"23","author":"K Jordan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jordan K (2000) Assessment of published reliability studies for cervical spine range-of-motion measurement tools. J Manip Physiol Ther 23:180\u2013195","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung AY, Kang EY, Lee SH, Nam DH, Cheon JH, Kim HJ (2015) Factors that affect the rehabilitation duration in patients with congenital muscular torticollis. Ann Rehabil Med 39:18\u201324","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2015.39.1.18"},{"key":"3338_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3182a778d2","volume":"25","author":"S Kaplan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaplan S, Coulter C, Fetters L (2013) Physical therapy management of congenital muscular torticollis: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. Pediatr Phys Ther 25:348\u2013394","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.1984.11698622","volume":"75","author":"KJ Kiwak","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kiwak KJ (1984) Establishing an etiology for torticollis. Postgrad Med 75:126\u2013134","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"3338_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/14038190510010331","volume":"7","author":"E Klackenberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klackenberg E, Elfving B, Haglund-Akerlind Y, Brogren Carlberg E (2005) Intra-rater reliability in measuring range of motion in infants with congenital muscular torticollis. Adv Phys 7:84\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14038190510010331","journal-title":"Adv Phys"},{"key":"3338_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0656-3","volume":"17","author":"CH Koning de","year":"2008","unstructured":"de Koning CH, van den Heuvel SP, Staal JB, Smits-Engelsman BC, Hendriks EJ (2008) Clinimetric evaluation of active range of motion measures in patients with non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J 17:905\u2013921","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"3338_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215513511341","volume":"28","author":"DR Kwon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kwon DR, Park Y (2014) Efficacy of microcurrent therapy in infants with congenital muscular torticollis involving the entire sternocleidomastoid muscle: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 28:983\u2013991","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR36","first-page":"153","volume":"16","author":"S Lal","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lal S, Abbasi AS, Jamro S (2011) Response of primary torticollis to physiotherapy. J Surg Pak (Intl) 16:153\u2013156","journal-title":"J Surg Pak (Intl)"},{"key":"3338_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2220","volume":"128","author":"J Laughlin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laughlin J, Luerssen TG, Dias MS (2011) Prevention and management of positional skull deformities in infants. Pediatrics 128:1236\u20131241","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3338_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.02.040","volume":"46","author":"YT Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee YT, Yoon K, Kim YB, Chung PW, Hwang JH, Park YS, Han BH (2011) Clinical features and outcome of physiotherapy in early presenting congenital muscular torticollis with severe fibrosis on ultrasonography: a prospective study. J Pediatr Surg 46:1526\u20131531","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee JY, Koh SE, Lee IS, Jung H, Lee J, Kang JI, Bang H (2013) The cervical range of motion as a factor affecting outcome in patients with congenital muscular torticollis. Ann Rehabil Med 37:183\u201390","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2013.37.2.183"},{"key":"3338_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.03.001","volume":"96","author":"AY Leung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leung AY, Mandrusiak A, Watter P, Gavranich J, Johnston LM (2016) Clinical assessment of head orientation profile development and its relationship with positional plagiocephaly in healthy term infants\u2014a prospective study. Early Hum Dev 96:31\u201338","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"3338_CR41","first-page":"459","volume":"62","author":"J Lewandowski","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lewandowski J, Szulc P (2003) The range of motion of the cervical spine in children aged from 3 to 7 years-an electrogoniometric study. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 62:459\u2013461","journal-title":"Folia Morphol (Warsz)"},{"key":"3338_CR42","first-page":"127","volume":"37","author":"B Luxford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Luxford B, Hale L, Piggott J (2009) The physiotherapy management of infants with congenital muscular torticollis: a survey of current practice in New Zealand. N Z J Physiother 37:127\u2013135","journal-title":"N Z J Physiother"},{"key":"3338_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.06.021","volume":"41","author":"T Lynch-Caris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lynch-Caris T, Majeske KD, Brelin-Fornari J, Nashi S (2008) Establishing reference values for cervical spine range of motion in pre-pubescent children. J Biomech 41:2714\u20132719","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"3338_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 6:e1000097","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3338_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-010-9606-8","volume":"19","author":"LB Mokkink","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, De Vet HC (2010) The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res 19:539\u2013549","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"3338_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002644","volume":"27","author":"M Murgia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murgia M, Venditto T, Paoloni M, Hodo B, Alcuri R, Bernetti A, Mangone M (2016) Assessing the cervical range of motion in infants with positional plagiocephaly. J Craniofac Surg 27:1060\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002644","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.01.037","volume":"140","author":"P Nucci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nucci P, Kushner BJ, Seragino M (2005) A multi-disciplinary study of the ocular, orthopaedic and neurological causes of abnormal head postures. Am J Opthalmol 140:65\u201368","journal-title":"Am J Opthalmol"},{"key":"3338_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0686-1","volume":"167","author":"J Nuysink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nuysink J, van Haastert IC, Takken T, Helders P (2008) Symptomatic asymmetry in the first six months of life: differential diagnosis. Eur J Pediatr 167:613\u2013619","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"3338_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.487146","volume":"27","author":"J Nuysink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nuysink J, van Haastert IC, Takken T, Helders PJ (2011) Symptomatic asymmetry in very young infants: a Delphi study on the development of a screening instrument. Physiother Theory Pract 27:194\u2013212","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"3338_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03195.x","volume":"51","author":"AM \u00d6hman","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u00d6hman AM (2009) Are infants with torticollis at risk of a delay in early motor milestones compared with a control group of healthy infants? Dev Med Child Neurol 51:545\u2013550","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"3338_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2011.639850","volume":"28","author":"A \u00d6hman","year":"2012","unstructured":"\u00d6hman A (2012) The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of a modified \u201cseverity scale for assessment of plagiocephaly\u201d among physical therapists. Physiother Theory Pract 28:402\u2013406","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"3338_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e31815ebb27","volume":"20","author":"AM \u00d6hman","year":"2008","unstructured":"\u00d6hman AM, Beckung E (2008) Reference values for range of motion and muscle function of the neck in infants. Pediatr Phys Ther 20:53\u201357","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/09593980802686904","volume":"25","author":"AM \u00d6hman","year":"2009","unstructured":"\u00d6hman AM, Nilsson S, Beckung E (2009) Validity and reliability of muscle function scale, aimed to assess the lateral flexors of the neck in infants. Physiother Theory Pract 25:129\u2013137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593980802686904","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"3338_CR54","first-page":"1073","volume":"2","author":"AM \u00d6hman","year":"2010","unstructured":"\u00d6hman AM, Nilsson S, Beckung E (2010) Stretching treatment for infants with congenital muscular torticollis: physiotherapist or parents? A randomised pilot study. Phys Med Rehabil 2:1073\u20131079","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2010.536305","volume":"27","author":"AM \u00d6hman","year":"2011","unstructured":"\u00d6hman AM, M\u00e5rdbrink EL, Stensby J, Beckung E (2011) Evaluation of treatment strategies for muscle function in infants with congenital muscular torticollis. Physiother Theory Pract 27:463\u2013470","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"3338_CR56","first-page":"165","volume":"3","author":"AM \u00d6hman","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u00d6hman AM, M\u00e5rdbrink EL, Orefelt C, Seager A, Tell L, Klackenberg E (2013) The physical therapy assessment and management of infants with congenital muscular torticollis: a survey and suggested assessment protocol for congenital muscular torticollis. J Nov Physiother 3:165","journal-title":"J Nov Physiother"},{"key":"3338_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0000000000000510","volume":"30","author":"MM Oledzka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oledzka MM, Kaplan SL, Sweeney JK, Coulter C, Evans-Rogers DL (2018) Interrater and intrarater reliability of the congenital muscular torticollis severity classification system. Pediatr Phys Ther 30:176\u2013182","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000179516.45373.c4","volume":"84","author":"JL Oleszek","year":"2005","unstructured":"Oleszek JL, Chang N, Apkon SD, Wilson PE (2005) Botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of children with congenital muscular torticollis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 84:813\u2013816","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.199","volume":"112","author":"J Persing","year":"2003","unstructured":"Persing J, James H, Swanson J, Kattwinkel J (2003) Prevention and management of positional skull deformities in infants. Pediatrics 112:199\u2013202","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3338_CR60","unstructured":"Petronic I, Brdar R, Cirovic D, Nikolic D, Lukac M, Janic D, Pavicevic P, Golubovic Z, Knezevic T (2010) Congenital muscular torticollis in children: distribution, treatment duration and outcome, Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 46:153\u2013158"},{"key":"3338_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.05.008","volume":"80","author":"H Philippi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Philippi H, Faldum A, Bergmann H, Jung T, Pabst B, Schleupen A (2004) Idiopathic infantile asymmetry, proposal of a measurement scale. Early Hum Dev 80:79\u201390","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"3338_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3181f9d72d","volume":"22","author":"M Rahlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahlin M, Sarmiento B (2010) Reliability of still photography measuring habitual head deviation from midline in infants with congenital muscular torticollis. Pediatr Phys Ther 22:399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3181f9d72d","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318196b9be","volume":"123","author":"GF Rogers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rogers GF, Oh AK, Mulliken JB (2009) The role of congenital muscular torticollis in the development of deformational plagiocephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:643\u2013652","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-008-0806-y","volume":"168","author":"AS Rubio","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rubio AS, Griffet JR, Caci H, B\u00e9rard E, El Hayek T, Boutt\u00e9 P (2009) The moulded baby syndrome: incidence and risk factors regarding 1,001 neonates. Eur Journal Ped 168:605\u2013611","journal-title":"Eur Journal Ped"},{"key":"3338_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-9651(03)00030-5","volume":"14","author":"MK Schaufele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schaufele MK, Boden SD (2003) Physical function measurements in neck pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 14:569\u2013588","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"3338_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812455693","volume":"28","author":"M Schertz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schertz M, Luk L, Green D (2013) Long term neurodevelopmental follow up of children with congenital muscular torticollis. J Child Neurol 28:1215\u20131221","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"3338_CR67","first-page":"59","volume":"38","author":"A Seager","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seager A (2017) Assessment and management of torticollis in infancy: a survey of current physiotherapy practice. Physiother Prac Res 38:59\u201366","journal-title":"Physiother Prac Res"},{"key":"3338_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00071-2","volume":"17","author":"C Sforza","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sforza C, Grassi G, Fragnito N, Turci M, Ferrario VF (2002) Three-dimensional analysis of active head and cervical spine range of motion: effect of age in healthy male subjects. Clin Biomech 17:611\u2013614","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"3338_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.124123","volume":"93","author":"L Stellwagen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stellwagen L, Hubbard E (2008) Torticollis, facial asymmetry and plagiocephaly in normal new-borns. Arch Dis Child 93:827\u2013831","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"3338_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2005.06.010","volume":"34","author":"B Tatli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tatli B, Aydinli N, \u00c7al\u0131skan M, Ozmen M, B\u0131l\u0131r F, Acar G (2006) Congenital muscular tort\u0131collis: evaluation and classification. Pediatr Neurol 34:41\u201344","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"3338_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.03.012","volume":"60","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terwee CB, Bot SD, de Boer MR, van der Windt DA, Knol DL, Dekker J, de Vet HC (2007) Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol 60:34\u201342","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"3338_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9960-1","volume":"21","author":"CB Terwee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL, Ostelo RW, Bouter LM, de Vet HC (2012) Rating the methodological quality in systematic reviews of studies on measurement properties: a scoring system for the COSMIN checklist. Qual Life Res 21:651\u2013657","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"3338_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/PEP.0b013e3181f940f3","volume":"22","author":"A Tessner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tessner A, Mooney P, Pellard L (2010) A developmental perspective on congenital muscular torticollis: a critical appraisal of the evidence. Pediatr Phys Ther 22:378\u2013383","journal-title":"Pediatr Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1179\/108331903225001390","volume":"8","author":"S Tyson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tyson S (2003) A systematic review of methods to measure posture. Phys Ther Rev 8:45\u201350","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev"},{"key":"3338_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/67.10.1526","volume":"67","author":"E Viikari-Juntura","year":"1987","unstructured":"Viikari-Juntura E (1987) Inter-examiner reliability of observations in physical examinations of the neck. Phys Ther 67:1526\u20131532","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-004-1412-2","volume":"163","author":"LA Vlimmeren van","year":"2004","unstructured":"van Vlimmeren LA, Helders PJ, van Adrichem LN, Engelbert RH (2004) Diagnostic strategies for the evaluation of asymmetry in infancy\u2014a review. Eur J Pediatr 163:185\u2013191","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"3338_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/13638490500037904","volume":"9","author":"LA Vlimmeren van","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Vlimmeren LA, Helders PJ, van Adrichem LN, Engelbert RH (2006) Torticollis and plagiocephaly in infancy: therapeutic strategies. Pediatr Rehabil 9:40\u201346","journal-title":"Pediatr Rehabil"},{"key":"3338_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E976","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181cd6176","volume":"35","author":"KL Whitcroft","year":"2010","unstructured":"Whitcroft KL, Massouh L, Amirfeyz R, Bannister G (2010) Comparison of methods of measuring active cervical range of motion. Spine 35:E976\u2013E980","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"3338_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/71.2.98","volume":"71","author":"JW Youdas","year":"1991","unstructured":"Youdas JW, Carey JR, Garrett TR (1991) Reliability of measurements of cervical spine range of motion\u2014comparison of three methods. Phys Ther 71:98\u2013104","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"3338_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000096703.91122.69","volume":"113","author":"C Yu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yu C, Wong F, Lo L, Chen Y (2004) Cranio-facial deformities in patients with uncorrected congenital muscular torticollis\u2014an assessment from 3D imaging. Plast Reconstr Surg 113:24\u201333","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"3338_CR81","first-page":"205","volume":"12","author":"ZJ Zachman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Zachman ZJ, Traina AD, Keating JJ, Bolles ST, Braun-Porter L (1989) Inter-examiner reliability and concurrent validity of two instruments for the measurement of cervical ranges of motion. J Manip Physiol Ther 12:205\u2013210","journal-title":"J Manip Physiol Ther"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03338-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03338-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03338-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T22:10:11Z","timestamp":1662934211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03338-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-019-03338-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0340-6199","1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6199","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 July 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2019","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2019","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2019","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}