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Early recognition of infants in need for surgical intervention might enable early intervention. In this multicenter case-control study, performed in nine neonatal intensive care units, preterm born infants (&lt; 30 weeks of gestation) diagnosed with NEC (stage \u2265 IIA) between October 2014 and August 2017 were divided into two groups: (1) medical (conservative treatment) and (2) surgical NEC (sNEC). Perinatal, clinical, and laboratory parameters were collected daily up to clinical onset of NEC. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to identify potential predictors for sNEC. In total, 73 preterm infants with NEC (41 surgical and 32 medical NEC) were included. A low gestational age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value, adjusted odds ratio [95%CI]; 0.001, 0.91 [0.86\u20130.96]), no maternal corticosteroid administration (0.025, 0.19 [0.04\u20130.82]), early onset of NEC (0.003, 0.85 [0.77\u20130.95]), low serum bicarbonate (0.009, 0.85 [0.76\u20130.96]), and a hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus for which ibuprofen was administered (0.003, 7.60 [2.03\u201328.47]) were identified as independent risk factors for sNEC.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Our findings may support the clinician to identify infants with increased risk for sNEC, which may facilitate early decisive management and consequently could result in improved prognosis.<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 In 27\u201352% of the infants with NEC, a surgical intervention is indicated during its disease course.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Absolute indication for surgical intervention is bowel perforation, whereas fixed bowel loop or clinical deterioration highly suggestive of bowel perforation or necrosi, is a relative indication.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Lower gestational age, early clinical onset, and no maternal corticosteroids administration are predictors for surgical NEC.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Low serum bicarbonate in the 3 days prior clinical onset and patent ductus arteriosus for which ibuprofen was administered predict surgical NEC.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03892-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T23:02:34Z","timestamp":1606950154000},"page":"617-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Predictive factors for surgical treatment in preterm neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis: a multicenter case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"180","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2806-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"el Manouni el Hassani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik J.","family":"Niemarkt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joep P. 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