{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:20:45Z","timestamp":1772119245494,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"german-swiss-austrian ectodermal dysplasia patient organization"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001652","name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001652","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The risk and potential consequences of mother-to-child transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy are still a matter of debate. We studied the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on 56 complete households, including 27 newborns whose mothers were pregnant when exposed to the virus. Two PCR-confirmed perinatal SARS-CoV-2 transmissions with mild symptoms in affected neonates were recorded. In addition, we observed a severe eye malformation (unilateral microphthalmia, optic nerve hypoplasia, and congenital retinopathy) associated with maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in weeks 5 and 6 of embryonic development. This embryopathy could not be explained by other infectious agents, genetic factors, drug use, or maternal disease during pregnancy. Eight other women with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to gestational week 12, however, delivered healthy infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : The repeated occurrence of mother-to-child transmission in our cohort with risks that remain incompletely understood, such as long-term effects and the possibility of an embryopathy, should sensitize researchers and stimulate further studies as well as support COVID-19 vaccination recommendations for pregnant women.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trial registration number:<\/jats:italic>\n                    NCT04741412. Date of registration: November 18, 2020\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022Materno-fetal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy has rarely been reported so far, but was demonstrated in isolated cases.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022In a study of complete households with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, including a cohort of pregnant women, we observed perinatal coronavirus transmission at a higher frequency than expected.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022We also describe a newborn boy with an eye malformation reminiscent of rubella embryopathy but associated with early gestation SARS-CoV-2 infection of his mother.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022A coronavirus-related embryopathy, reported here for the first time, is a finding that requires further investigation.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04221-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1628186541000},"page":"413-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy: possible impact on the infant"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Morhart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Rauh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"J\u00fcngert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Hammersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Kehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Schuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigrun","family":"Maier-Wohlfart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Hermes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Neubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Woelfle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8548-4053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holm","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4221_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29256","volume":"3","author":"EH Adhikari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adhikari EH, MorenoW ZAC, MacDonald L, McIntire DD, Collins RRJ et al (2020) Pregnancy outcomes among women with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. JAMA Netw Open 3:e2029256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29256","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4221_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","volume":"11","author":"AJ Vivanti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vivanti AJ, Vaoloup-Fellous C, Prevot S, Zupan V, Suffee C, Do Cao J et al (2020) Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 11:3572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-17436-6","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4221_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18933-4","volume":"11","author":"C Fenizia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fenizia C, Biasin M, Cetin I, Vergani P, Mileto D, Spinillo A et al (2020) Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission during pregnancy. Nat Commun 11:5128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18933-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4221_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-020-04072-7","volume":"40","author":"D Lapuente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lapuente D, Maier C, Irrgang P, H\u00fcbner J, Peter AS, Hoffmann M et al (2021) Rapid response flow cytometric assay for the detection of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 40:751\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-020-04072-7","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"4221_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuh W, Baus L, Steinmetz T, Schulz SR, Weckwerth L, Roth E et al (2021) A surrogate cell-based SARS-CoV-2 spike blocking assay (SUBA). Eur J Immunol, under review","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149302"},{"key":"4221_CR6","unstructured":"Peter AS, Roth E, Schulz SR, Fraedrich K, Steinmetz T, Damm D et al (2021) A pair of non-competing neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies protecting from disease in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model. https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.04.16.440101v1 (Preprint)"},{"key":"4221_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13503","volume":"95","author":"S Wohlfart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wohlfart S, Schneider H (2019) Variants of the ectodysplasin A1 receptor gene underlying homozygous cases of autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Clin Genet 95:427\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cge.13503","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"4221_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb7030016","volume":"7","author":"P Harding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harding P, Moosajee M (2019) The molecular basis of human anophthalmia and microphthalmia. J Dev Biol 7:16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jdb7030016","journal-title":"J Dev Biol"},{"key":"4221_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18982-9","volume":"11","author":"R Raschetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raschetti R, Vivanti AJ, Vauloup-Fellous C, Loi B, Benachi A, De Luca D (2020) Synthesis and systematic review of reported neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Commun 11:5164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-18982-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4221_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30177-2","volume":"4","author":"F G\u00f6tzinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00f6tzinger F, Santiago-Garcia B, Noguera-Julian A, Lanaspa M, Lancella L, Carducci FIC et al (2020) COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 4:653\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30177-2","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4221_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1126\/science.369.6504.614","volume":"369","author":"J Couzin-Frankel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Couzin-Frankel J (2020) The long haul. Science 369:614\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.369.6504.614","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4221_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.020","volume":"29","author":"JA Plante","year":"2021","unstructured":"Plante JA, Mitchell BM, Plante KS, Debbink K, Weaver SC, Menachery VD (2021) The variant gambit: COVID-19\u2019s next move. Cell Host Microbe 29:508\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2021.02.020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"4221_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2022\/40\/20204159","volume":"40","author":"M Leyser","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leyser M, Pinto Marques FJ, Moreira de Nascimento OJ (2021) Potential risk of brain damage and poor developmental outcomes in children prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review. Intern Paul Pediatr 40:e2020415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1984-0462\/2022\/40\/20204159","journal-title":"Intern Paul Pediatr"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04221-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04221-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04221-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T21:16:02Z","timestamp":1642194962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04221-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04221-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-615203\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0340-6199","1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6199","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 August 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2021","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"By omitting the additional \"Department of\" The affiliation 4 has been updated.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (project code 212_20 B).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All adult participants provided written informed consent; in the case of minors, parental consent was obtained.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The parents of the boy shown in Fig.\u00a0\n                      \n                      A consented to publication of their son\u2019s photo.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}