{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:07:00Z","timestamp":1791295620572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Using provisional or opportunistic data, three nationwide studies (The Netherlands, the USA and Denmark) have identified a reduction in preterm or extremely preterm births during periods of COVID-19 restrictions. However, none of the studies accounted for perinatal deaths. To determine whether the reduction in extremely preterm births, observed in Denmark during the COVID-19 lockdown, could be the result of an increase in perinatal deaths and to assess the impact of extended COVID-19 restrictions, we performed a nationwide Danish register-based prevalence proportion study. We examined all singleton pregnancies delivered in Denmark during the COVID-19 strict lockdown calendar\u00a0periods (March 12\u2013April 14, 2015-2020,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200931,164 births) and the extended calendar\u00a0periods of COVID-19 restrictions (February 27\u2013September 30, 2015-2020,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009214,862 births). The extremely preterm birth rate was reduced (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.86) during the strict lockdown period\u00a0in 2020, while perinatal mortality was not significantly different. During the extended period of restrictions\u00a0in 2020, the extremely preterm birth rate was marginally reduced, and a significant reduction in the stillbirth rate (OR 0.69, 0.50 to 0.95) was observed. No changes in early neonatal mortality rates were found.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Stillbirth and extremely preterm birth rates were reduced in Denmark during the period of COVID-19 restrictions and lockdown, respectively, suggesting that aspects of these containment and control measures confer an element of protection. The present observational study does not allow for causal inference; however, the results support the design of studies to ascertain whether behavioural or social changes for pregnant women may improve pregnancy outcomes.\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 The aetiologies of preterm birth and stillbirth are multifaceted and linked to a wide range of socio-demographic, medical, obstetric, foetal, psychosocial and environmental factors.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 The COVID-19 lockdown saw a reduction in extremely preterm births in Denmark and other high-income countries. An urgent question is whether this reduction can be explained by increased perinatal mortality.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 The reduction in extremely preterm births during the Danish COVID-19 lockdown was not a consequence of increased perinatal mortality, which remained unchanged during this period.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 The stillbirth rate was reduced throughout the extended period of COVID-19 restrictions.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04297-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T02:02:57Z","timestamp":1637028177000},"page":"1175-1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Preterm birth, stillbirth and early neonatal mortality during the Danish COVID-19 lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Paula L.","family":"Hedley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gitte","family":"Hedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"B\u00e6kvad-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Hjalgrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Rostgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna D.","family":"Laksafoss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen Skov","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"Breindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mads","family":"Melbye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hviid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Hougaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrik","family":"Lausten-Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-755X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4297_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e604","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30223-1","volume":"5","author":"JV Been","year":"2020","unstructured":"Been JV, Burgos Ochoa L, Bertens LCM, Schoenmakers S, Steegers EAP, Reiss IKM (2020) Impact of COVID-19 mitigation measures on the incidence of preterm birth: a national quasi-experimental study. Lancet Public Health 5:e604\u2013e611","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"4297_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004302","volume":"137","author":"RL Goldenberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldenberg RL, McClure EM (2021) Have coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) community lockdowns reduced preterm birth rates? Obstet Gynecol 137:399\u2013402","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4297_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-319990","volume":"106","author":"G Hedermann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hedermann G, Hedley PL, Baekvad-Hansen M, Hjalgrim H, Rostgaard K, Poorisrisak P, Breindahl M, Melbye M, Hougaard DM, Christiansen M, Lausten-Thomsen U (2021) Danish premature birth rates during the COVID-19 lockdown. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106:93\u201395","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"4297_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320521","volume":"106","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Nakamura M, Ninomiya H, Ogawa K, Sago H, Miyawaki A (2021) Trends in intensive neonatal care during the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106:327\u2013329","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"4297_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Curtis M, Villani L, Polo A (2020) Increase of stillbirth and decrease of late preterm infants during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106:456","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320682"},{"key":"4297_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6512","volume":"175","author":"EM Harvey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harvey EM, McNeer E, McDonald MF, Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Dupont WD, Barfield W, Patrick SW (2021) Association of preterm birth rate with COVID-19 statewide stay-at-home orders in Tennessee. JAMA Pediatr 175:635\u2013637","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"4297_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richter F, Strasser AS, Suarez-Farinas M, Zhao S, Nadkarni GN, Jabs EW, Guttmann K, Glicksberg BS (2021) Neonatal outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Pediatr Res.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-021-01513-7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01513-7"},{"key":"4297_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.017","volume":"224","author":"R Meyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meyer R, Bart Y, Tsur A, Yinon Y, Friedrich L, Maixner N, Levin G (2021) A marked decrease in preterm deliveries during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol 224:234\u2013237","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4297_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gemmill A, Casey JA, Catalano R, Karasek D, Bruckner T (2021) Changes in live births, preterm birth, low birth weight, and cesarean deliveries in the United States during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. medRXiv 2021.03.20.21253990","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.20.21253990"},{"key":"4297_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Philip RK, Purtill H, Reidy E, Daly M, Imcha M, McGrath D, O\u2019Connell NH, Dunne CP (2020) Unprecedented reduction in births of very low birthweight (VLBW) and extremely low birthweight (ELBW) infants during the COVID-19 lockdown in Ireland: a \u2018natural experiment\u2019 allowing analysis of data from the prior two decades. BMJ Glob Health 5:e003075","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003075"},{"key":"4297_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.033","volume":"224","author":"EK Main","year":"2021","unstructured":"Main EK, Chang SC, Carpenter AM, Wise PH, Stevenson DK, Shaw GM, Gould JB (2021) Singleton preterm birth rates for racial and ethnic groups during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in California. Am J Obstet Gynecol 224:239\u2013241","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"4297_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.20991","volume":"325","author":"SC Handley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Handley SC, Mullin AM, Elovitz MA, Gerson KD, Montoya-Williams D, Lorch SA, Burris HH (2021) Changes in preterm birth phenotypes and stillbirth at 2 Philadelphia hospitals during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, March-June 2020. JAMA 325:87\u201389","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4297_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1721515","volume":"38","author":"M Mor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mor M, Kugler N, Jauniaux E, Betser M, Wiener Y, Cuckle H, Maymon R (2021) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on excess perinatal mortality and morbidity in Israel. Am J Perinatol 38:398\u2013403","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"4297_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03984-6","volume":"180","author":"J Arnaez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnaez J, Ochoa-Sangrador C, Caserio S, Gutierrez EP, Jimenez MDP, Castanon L, Benito M, Pena A, Hernandez N, Hortelano M, Schuffelmann S, Prada MT, Diego P, Villagomez FJ, Garcia-Alix A (2021) Lack of changes in preterm delivery and stillbirths during COVID-19 lockdown in a European region. Eur J Pediatr 180:1997\u20132002","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"4297_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil A, von Dadelszen P, Draycott T, Ugwumadu A, O\u2019Brien P, Magee L (2020) Change in the incidence of stillbirth and preterm delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA 324:705\u2013706","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12746"},{"key":"4297_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasternak B, Neovius M, Soderling J, Ahlberg M, Norman M, Ludvigsson JF, Stephansson O (2021) Preterm birth and stillbirth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Intern Med 174:873\u2013875","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-6367"},{"key":"4297_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e759","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6","volume":"9","author":"B Chmielewska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J, Gurol-Urganci I, O\u2019Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Thangaratinam S, Le Doare K, Ladhani S, von Dadelszen P, Magee L, Khalil A (2021) Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health 9:e759\u2013e772","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4297_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1273","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30345-4","volume":"8","author":"A Kc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kc A, Gurung R, Kinney MV, Sunny AK, Moinuddin M, Basnet O, Paudel P, Bhattarai P, Subedi K, Shrestha MP, Lawn JE, Malqvist M (2020) Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic response on intrapartum care, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality outcomes in Nepal: a prospective observational study. Lancet Glob Health 8:e1273\u2013e1281","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4297_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmussen MI (2020) Extremely preterm infant admissions within the SafeBoosC-III consortium during the COVID-19 lockdown. Front Pediatr 9:647880","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.647880"},{"key":"4297_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30456-3","volume":"9","author":"CSE Homer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Homer CSE, Leisher SH, Aggarwal N, Akuze J, Babona D, Blencowe H, Bolgna J, Chawana R, Christou A, Davies-Tuck M, Dandona R, Gordijn S, Gordon A, Jan R, Korteweg F, Maswime S, Murphy MM, Quigley P, Storey C, Vallely LM, Waiswa P, Whitehead C, Zeitlin J, Flenady V (2021) Counting stillbirths and COVID 19-there has never been a more urgent time. Lancet Glob Health 9:e10\u2013e11","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4297_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S179083","volume":"11","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Schmidt SAJ, Adelborg K, Sundboll J, Laugesen K, Ehrenstein V, Sorensen HT (2019) The Danish health care system and epidemiological research: from health care contacts to database records. Clin Epidemiol 11:563\u2013591","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4297_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9930-3","volume":"29","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT (2014) The Danish Civil Registration System as a tool in epidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol 29:541\u2013549","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4297_CR23","unstructured":"The Danish Medical Birth Registry. https:\/\/www.danishhealthdata.com\/find-health-data\/Det-medicinske-foedselsregister"},{"key":"4297_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","volume":"7","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Schmidt SA, Sandegaard JL, Ehrenstein V, Pedersen L, Sorensen HT (2015) The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential. Clin Epidemiol 7:449\u2013490","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4297_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8","volume":"5","author":"T Hale","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hale T, Angrist N, Goldszmidt R, Kira B, Petherick A, Phillips T, Webster S, Cameron-Blake E, Hallas L, Majumdar S, Tatlow H (2021) A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker). Nat Hum Behav 5:529\u2013538","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"4297_CR26","unstructured":"Google (2021) Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/"},{"key":"4297_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60136-1","volume":"371","author":"S Saigal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saigal S, Doyle LW (2008) An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 371:261\u2013269","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4297_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","volume":"7","author":"S Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller AB, Lumbiganon P, Petzold M, Hogan D, Landoulsi S, Jampathong N, Kongwattanakul K, Laopaiboon M, Lewis C, Rattanakanokchai S, Teng DN, Thinkhamrop J, Watananirun K, Zhang J, Zhou W, Gulmezoglu AM (2019) Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health 7:e37\u2013e46","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"4297_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.12.007","volume":"21","author":"MS Harrison","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harrison MS, Goldenberg RL (2016) Global burden of prematurity. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 21:74\u201379","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"4297_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","volume":"345","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ (2014) Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science 345:760\u2013765","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4297_CR31","unstructured":"Christensen JG, Askim J, Gyrd-Hansen D, \u00d8stergaard L (2021) [The handling of covid-19 in the spring of 2020 - Report submitted by the investigation group set up by the Danish Government\u2019s Committee on the Rules of Procedure regarding the handling of covid-19.]. Folketinget, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"key":"4297_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237428952095978","DOI":"10.1177\/2374289520959788","volume":"7","author":"JH Sinard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sinard JH (2020) An analysis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on case volumes in an academic subspecialty-based anatomic pathology practice. Acad Pathol 7:2374289520959788","journal-title":"Acad Pathol"},{"key":"4297_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328360dc31","volume":"26","author":"M Cunnington","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cunnington M, Kortsalioudaki C, Heath P (2013) Genitourinary pathogens and preterm birth. Curr Opin Infect Dis 26:219\u2013230","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4297_CR34","unstructured":"SSI (2021) No 3\/5 - 2021: Pneumococcal vaccine for vaccination of risk group patients now again open for orders; considerable drop in invasive meningococcal disease in connection with the 2020 lock down. EPI-NEWS. Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"key":"4297_CR35","unstructured":"SSI (2020) No 27\/33 - 2020: Laboratory-confirmed whooping cough 2019. EPI-NEWS. Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"key":"4297_CR36","unstructured":"SSI (2021) No 2 - 2021: This year\u2019s flu is still waiting under coronavirus restrictions. INFLUENZA-NEWS. Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"key":"4297_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedley PL, Hoffmann S, Lausten-Thomsen U, Voldstedlund M, Bjerre KD, Hviid A, Krebs L, Jensen JS, Christiansen M (2021) A nationwide examination of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in Denmark throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. medRXiv 2021.06.30.21259819","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.06.30.21259819"},{"key":"4297_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekkar B, Pacheco S, Basu R, DeNicola N (2020) Association of Air Pollution and Heat Exposure With Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Stillbirth in the US: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 3:e208243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8243"},{"key":"4297_CR39","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2020) Air quality and COVID-19. Air pollution. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"key":"4297_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Semerci N, Guo X, Larsen K, Ozmen A, Arlier S, Mutluay D, Nwabuobi C, Sipe B, Buhimschi I, Buhimschi C, Schatz F, Kayisli UA, Lockwood CJ (2021) Decidual cell FKBP51-progesterone receptor binding mediates maternal stress-induced preterm birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118:e2010282118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010282118"},{"key":"4297_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI130363","volume":"130","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, Su P, Lai TK, Jiang A, Liu J, Zhai D, Campbell CT, Lee FH, Yong W, Pasricha S, Li S, Wong AH, Ressler KJ, Liu F (2020) The glucocorticoid receptor-FKBP51 complex contributes to fear conditioning and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Invest 130:877\u2013889","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4297_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6898.234","volume":"307","author":"M Hedegaard","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB, Sabroe S, Secher NJ (1993) Psychological distress in pregnancy and preterm delivery. BMJ 307:234\u2013239","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4297_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92468-U","volume":"340","author":"HC Lou","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lou HC, Nordentoft M, Jensen F, Pryds O, Nim J, Hemmingsen R (1992) Psychosocial stress and severe prematurity. Lancet 340:54","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4297_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14672","volume":"124","author":"D Aune","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aune D, Schlesinger S, Henriksen T, Saugstad OD, Tonstad S (2017) Physical activity and the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. BJOG 124:1816\u20131826","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"4297_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.39.2.129","volume":"39","author":"MJ Saurel-Cubizolles","year":"1985","unstructured":"Saurel-Cubizolles MJ, Kaminski M, Llado-Arkhipoff J, Du Mazaubrun C, Estryn-Behar M, Berthier C, Mouchet M, Kelfa C (1985) Pregnancy and its outcome among hospital personnel according to occupation and working conditions. J Epidemiol Community Health 39:129\u2013134","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"4297_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115463","volume":"131","author":"AM Teitelman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Teitelman AM, Welch LS, Hellenbrand KG, Bracken MB (1990) Effect of maternal work activity on preterm birth and low birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 131:104\u2013113","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4297_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.04.022","volume":"249","author":"GA Corbett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Corbett GA, Milne SJ, Hehir MP, Lindow SW, O\u2019Connell MP (2020) Health anxiety and behavioural changes of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 249:96\u201397","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"4297_CR48","unstructured":"HOPE (2021) How democracies Cope with Covid19. \u00c5rhus University"},{"key":"4297_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12519","volume":"26","author":"F Jorgensen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jorgensen F, Bor A, Petersen MB (2021) Compliance without fear: individual-level protective behaviour during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Br J Health Psychol 26:679\u2013696","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"4297_CR50","first-page":"55","volume":"56","author":"GV Rasmussen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rasmussen GV, Garbers C, D. (2020) Psykisk s\u00e5rbarhed og kalenderens opl\u00f8sning under Corona. Jordens Folk 56:55\u201367","journal-title":"Jordens Folk"},{"key":"4297_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2020.26","volume":"32","author":"KM Sonderskov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sonderskov KM, Dinesen PT, Santini ZI, Ostergaard SD (2020) Increased psychological well-being after the apex of the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Neuropsychiatr 32:277\u2013279","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"4297_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2006.57.12.1738","volume":"57","author":"P Munk-Jorgensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Munk-Jorgensen P, Allgulander C, Dahl AA, Foldager L, Holm M, Rasmussen I, Virta A, Huuhtanen MT, Wittchen HU (2006) Prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in general practice in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Psychiatr Serv 57:1738\u20131744","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"4297_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2015.02.003","volume":"28","author":"A Staneva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Staneva A, Bogossian F, Pritchard M, Wittkowski A (2015) The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: a systematic review. Women Birth 28:179\u2013193","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"4297_CR54","unstructured":"Danish Health Authority (2020) Guidelines for handling covid-19. Danish Health Authority, March 4"},{"key":"4297_CR55","unstructured":"Danish Health Authority (2020) COVID-19 Risk assessment, strategy and measures in the event of an epidemic in Denmark. Sundhedsstyrelsen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04297-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04297-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04297-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T11:03:14Z","timestamp":1646391794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04297-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-021-04297-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.09.21258622","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0340-6199","1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0340-6199","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 September 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted according to Danish legislation and guidelines for register research and was approved by the Data Protection Agency officer at Statens Serum Institut (No: 20\/04753).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr Breindahl has a patent (NeoHelp) with royalties paid. Dr Breindahl has nothing else to disclose. All other authors reported to have nothing to disclose.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}