{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T13:21:08Z","timestamp":1772025668985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland (UEF) including Kuopio University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social restrictions reduced the rates of respiratory infections in 2020, but studies on the rates of urinary tract infections (UTIs) during lockdown have had conflicting results. This study aimed to report UTI incidence during the first and second waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Finland. We conducted a retrospective register-based cohort study. The whole Finnish pediatric population (children under the age of 15\u00a0years, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009860,000) was included. The yearly and monthly incidences of UTIs per 100,000 children in 2020 were compared to that of three previous years (2017\u20132019) by incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 10,757 cystitis and 4873 pyelonephritis cases were included. The yearly incidence of cystitis was 12% lower (IRR 0.88, CI 0.83\u20130.94) among children aged 1\u20136 in 2020 and 11% (IRR 0.89, CI 0.83\u20130.95) lower among children aged 7\u201314 in 2020 compared with previous years. The yearly incidence of pyelonephritis was 16% lower (IRR 0.84, CI 0.76\u20130.94) among children aged 1\u20136. No significant decrease were observed among children aged\u2009&lt;\u20091 and 7\u201314.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: The incidence of cystitis and pyelonephritis during a period of social restrictions was lower than during 2017\u20132019, especially in children aged 1\u20136\u00a0years. These results raise the possibility of reducing the occurrence of urinary tract infections in children by improving hygiene measures.<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Social restrictions have reduced the rate of common respiratory infections globally.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Previous studies have presented a decreased or unchanged incidence of urinary tract infections during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is new:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 During the pandemic, there was a decrease in the incidence of urinary tract infections in Finnish children\u00a0and the most prominent decrease was in daycare-aged children.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Improved hygiene measures and social restrictions may have influenced the transmission of uropathogens.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04389-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T01:02:40Z","timestamp":1643590960000},"page":"1979-1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Urinary tract infections decreased in Finnish children during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-9610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilari","family":"Kuitunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miia","family":"Artama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjut","family":"Haapanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Renko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e423","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002845","volume":"39","author":"I Kuitunen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuitunen I, Artama M, M\u00e4kel\u00e4 L, Backman K, Heiskanen-Kosma T, Renko M (2020) Effect of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of viral respiratory tract infections in children in Finland during early 2020. 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The ethical committees have waived ethical evaluation on all retrospective register-based studies in which the participants are not contacted.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"According to Finnish research laws informed consent is not required when routinely collected data is handled retrospectively and the participants are not contacted.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"According to Finnish research laws informed consent is not required when routinely collected data is handled retrospectively and the participants are not contacted.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}