{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T14:55:09Z","timestamp":1770562509190,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In adults, alcohol intoxication is associated with prolongation of the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc). The QTc is influenced by age and sex. Although alcohol intoxication is increasingly common in adolescents, there are no data on the prevalence of QTc prolongation in adolescents with alcohol intoxication. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of QTc prolongation in adolescents with alcohol intoxication and identify at-risk adolescents. In this observational study including adolescents aged 10\u201318\u00a0years, heart rate and QT interval were automatically assessed from an electrocardiogram (ECG) at alcohol intoxication using a validated algorithm. The QTc was calculated using both the Bazett formula (QTc<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub>) and Fridericia formula (QTc<jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub>). If present, an ECG recorded within 1\u00a0year of the date of admission to the emergency department was obtained as a reference ECG. A total of 317 adolescents were included; 13.3% had a QTc<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub> and 7.9% a QTc<jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub> longer than the sex- and age-specific 95th-percentile. None of the adolescents had a QTc<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub> or QTc<jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub>\u2009&gt;\u2009500\u00a0ms, but 11.8% of the adolescents with a reference ECG had a QTc<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub> prolongation of\u2009&gt;\u200960\u00a0ms, while no adolescents had a QTc<jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub> prolongation of\u2009&gt;\u200960\u00a0ms. QTc prolongation was mainly attributable to an increase in heart rate rather than QT prolongation, which underlies the differences between QTc<jats:sub>B<\/jats:sub> and QTc<jats:sub>F<\/jats:sub>. Male sex and hypokalaemia increased the likelihood of QTc prolongation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: QTc prolongation was seen in approximately 10% of the adolescents presenting with alcohol intoxication, and although no ventricular arrhythmias were observed in this cohort, QTc prolongation increases the potential for malignant QT-related arrhythmias. Clinicians must be aware of the possibility of QTc prolongation during alcohol intoxication and make an effort to obtain an ECG at presentation, measure the QT interval, and give an adequate assessment of the findings. We advocate admitting adolescents with alcohol intoxication and QTc prolongation. During hospital admission, we recommend limiting exposure to QTc-prolonging medication, increasing potassium levels to a high-normal range (4.5\u20135.0\u00a0mmol\/L) and obtaining a reference ECG at discharge.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 One out of five deaths in adolescents is alcohol-related. Alcohol intoxication has been related to cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>\u2022In adults, alcohol intoxication is associated with QTc prolongation<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022<\/jats:italic>Approximately 10% of the adolescents with alcohol intoxication had a QTc longer than the age- and sexspecific cut-off. In contrast to adults, in adolescents with alcohol intoxication, QTc prolongation is attributable to an increase in heart rate, rather than a prolongation of the QT interval.<jats:italic>\u2022Especially males and adolescents with hypokalaemia are at risk of QTc prolongation<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04471-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T06:02:36Z","timestamp":1651125756000},"page":"2757-2770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["QTc prolongation in adolescents with acute alcohol intoxication"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"181","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loes","family":"de Veld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6996-0099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nico","family":"van der Lely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7780-4427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben J. M.","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7143-770X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris J.","family":"van Hoof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lichelle","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6571-7967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arja Suzanne","family":"Vink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4471_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ESPAD Group. ESPAD Report (2019) results from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. 2021, EMCDDA Joint Publications, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2810\/877033","DOI":"10.2810\/877033"},{"key":"4471_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018) Global status report on alcohol and health.\u00a0World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Accessed at https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/274603 on 24 Mar\u00a02021"},{"key":"4471_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019)\u00a0Status report on alcohol consumption, harm and policy responses in 30 European countries.\u00a0World Health Organization Regional Office For Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. Accessed at 9 http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/alcoholSR2019data on 24 Mar 2021"},{"key":"4471_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nienhuis K, Van Hoof JJ, Van der Lely N (2017) Ten years of alcohol intoxication in adolescents and treatment in paediatric departments in Dutch hospitals. J Addict Res 1(1):1\u20136, ISSN: 2573\u20139514","DOI":"10.33140\/JAR\/01\/01\/00008"},{"key":"4471_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodrigues M, Pontes T, Almeida J, Estrada A, Carvalho S (2018) Alcohol use in adolescence: 5 years admissions at a pediatric emergency department. Int J Adolesc Med Health 32(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/ijamh-2017-0166","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2017-0166"},{"key":"4471_CR6","unstructured":"National Health Service Digital (2018) Statistics on alcohol, England,\u00a0Alcohol-related hospital admissions. National Health Service Digital, Leeds, United Kingdom. Accessed at https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/statistics-on-alcohol\/2018\/part-1 on 24 Mar\u00a02021"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2019.1664665","volume":"25","author":"P Raimondo Maria","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raimondo Maria P, Domenicali M, Marani S, Caputo F, Mazzoni M (2019) Visits of adolescents for acute alcohol intoxication to emergency departments in Northern Italy: natives and non-natives. J Subst Use 25(2):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14659891.2019.1664665","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"4471_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lovrecic M, Lovrecic B, Rok Simon M, Korosec A, Della Rocca F, Maremmani AGI et al (2020) Trends of hospitalization for acute alcohol intoxication in Slovenian children and adolescents with and without dual disorder. Implications for a Correct Intervention. J Clin Med 9(7):E2122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9072122","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072122"},{"issue":"27","key":"4471_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx156","volume":"38","author":"S Brunner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brunner S, Herbel R, Drobesch C, Peters A, Massberg S, K\u00e4\u00e4b S et al (2017) Alcohol consumption, sinus tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmias at the Munich Octoberfest: results from the Munich Beer Related Electrocardiogram Workup Study (MunichBREW). Eur Heart J 38(27):2100\u20132106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx156","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4471_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0b013e328334b42d","volume":"11","author":"A George","year":"2010","unstructured":"George A, Figueredo VM (2010) Alcohol and arrhythmias: a comprehensive review. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 11(4):221\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2459\/JCM.0b013e328334b42d","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)"},{"key":"4471_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.07.007","volume":"146","author":"H Sutanto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sutanto H, Cluitmans MJM, Dobrev D, Volders PGA, B\u00e9barov\u00e1 M, Heijman J (2020) Acute effects of alcohol on cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmogenesis: insights from multiscale in silico analyses. J Mol Cell Cardiol 146:69\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.07.007","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.040","volume":"19","author":"SJ Tu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tu SJ, Gallagher C, Elliott AD, Linz D, Pitman BM, Hendriks JML et al (2022) Alcohol consumption and risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death: an observational study of 408,712 individuals. Heart Rhythm 19(2):177\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2021.09.040","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"4471_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-18","volume":"5","author":"JR Di Rocco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Rocco JR, During A, Morelli PJ, Heyden M, Biancaniello TA (2011) Atrial fibrillation in healthy adolescents after highly caffeinated beverage consumption: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 5:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1752-1947-5-18","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"4471_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Cleef AN, Schuurman MJ, Busari JO (2011) Third-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent following acute alcohol intoxication. BMJ Case Rep 2011:bcr0720114547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr.07.2011.4547","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.07.2011.4547"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pec.0000150988.26852.a6","volume":"21","author":"PB Koul","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koul PB, Sussmane JB, Cunill-De Sautu B, Minarik M (2005) Atrial fibrillation associated with alcohol ingestion in adolescence: holiday heart in pediatrics. Pediatr Emerg Care 21(1):38\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.pec.0000150988.26852.a6","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158419","volume":"38","author":"AW Lekx","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lekx AW, Lingius S, Barten DG (2020) Second-degree atrioventricular block in an adolescent with an acute alcohol intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 38(2):407.e1-407.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158419","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4471_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951121000329","volume":"31","author":"N Noessler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Noessler N, Schweintzger S, Kurath-Koller S (2021) Holiday heart syndrome: an upcoming tachyarrhythmia in today\u2019s youth. Cardiol Young 31(6):1054\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1047951121000329","journal-title":"Cardiol Young"},{"issue":"8","key":"4471_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.06.033","volume":"19","author":"L Vonghia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vonghia L, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Bertini M, Gasbarrini G, Addolorato G et al (2008) Acute alcohol intoxication. Eur J Intern Med 19(8):561\u2013567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2007.06.033","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR19","first-page":"123","volume":"29","author":"J Gruettner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gruettner J, Walter T, Lang S, Reichert M, Haas S (2015) Risk assessment in patients with acute alcohol intoxication. In Vivo 29(1):123\u2013127","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"issue":"9","key":"4471_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12558.x","volume":"82","author":"A Lamminp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lamminp\u00e4\u00e4 A, Vilska J, Korri UM, Riihim\u00e4ki V (1993) Alcohol intoxication in hospitalized young teenagers. Acta Paediatr 82(9):783\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1993.tb12558.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"4471_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922810388509","volume":"50","author":"SH Bouthoorn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bouthoorn SH, van der Ploeg T, van Erkel NE, van der Lely N (2011) Alcohol intoxication among Dutch adolescents: acute medical complications in the years 2000\u20132010. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 50(3):244\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0009922810388509","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"4471_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schlant RC, Adolph RJ, DiMarco JP, Dreifus LS, Dunn MI, Fisch C et al (1992) Guidelines for electrocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Electrocardiography). Circulation 85(3):1221\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.cir.85.3.1221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.85.3.1221"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/14017430601091698","volume":"41","author":"W Aaseb\u00f8","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aaseb\u00f8 W, Erikssen J, Jonsbu J, Stavem K (2007) ECG changes in patients with acute ethanol intoxication. Scand Cardiovasc J 41(2):79\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14017430601091698","journal-title":"Scand Cardiovasc J"},{"key":"4471_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401812010001","volume":"12","author":"H Raheja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raheja H, Namana V, Chopra K, Sinha A, Gupta SS, Kamholz S et al (2018) Electrocardiogram changes with acute alcohol intoxication: a systematic review. Open Cardiovasc Med J 12:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1874192401812010001","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"4471_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192704","volume":"121","author":"BJ Drew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drew BJ, Ackerman MJ, Funk M, Gibler WB, Kligfield P, Menon V et al (2010) Prevention of torsade de pointes in hospital settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation 121(8):1047\u20131060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192704","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"16","key":"4471_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.16.2120","volume":"289","author":"SM Al-Khatib","year":"2003","unstructured":"Al-Khatib SM, LaPointe NM, Kramer JM, Califf RM (2003) What clinicians should know about the QT interval. JAMA 289(16):2120\u20132127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.289.16.2120","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2017.07.012","volume":"28","author":"AS Vink","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vink AS, Clur SB, Wilde AAM, Blom NA (2018) Effect of age and gender on the QTc-interval in healthy individuals and patients with long-QT syndrome. Trends Cardiovasc Med 28(1):64\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tcm.2017.07.012","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4471_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004645","volume":"10","author":"AS Vink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vink AS, Clur SB, Geskus RB, Blank AC, De Kezel CC, Yoshinaga M et al (2017) Effect of age and sex on the QTc interval in children and adolescents with type 1 and 2 long-QT syndrome. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 10(4):e004645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004645","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"4471_CR29","unstructured":"Woosley RL, Heise CW , Gallo T, Tate J, Woosley D and Romero KA (2022)\u00a0www.CredibleMeds.org,  QTdrugs List, AZCERT, Inc. 1457 E. Desert Garden Dr., Tucson, AZ  85718"},{"issue":"9","key":"4471_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184352","volume":"12","author":"BJM Hermans","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hermans BJM, Vink AS, Bennis FC, Filippini LH, Meijborg VMF, Wilde AAM et al (2017) The development and validation of an easy to use automatic QT interval algorithm. PLoS ONE 12(9):e0184352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0184352","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4471_CR31","first-page":"353","volume":"7","author":"HC Bazett","year":"1920","unstructured":"Bazett HC (1920) An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart 7:353\u2013370","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"4471_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1920.tb18266.x","volume":"53","author":"LS Fridericia","year":"1920","unstructured":"Fridericia LS (1920) Die systolendauer im elektrokardiogramm bei normalen menschen und bei herzkranken. Acta Med Scand 53:469\u2013486","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02460-8","volume":"20","author":"I Andr\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andr\u0161ov\u00e1 I, Hnatkova K, Hel\u00e1nov\u00e1 K, \u0160i\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Novotn\u00fd T, Kala P et al (2020) Problems with Bazett QTc correction in paediatric screening of prolonged QTc interval. BMC Pediatr 20(1):558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-020-02460-8","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"21","key":"4471_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033943","volume":"138","author":"AS Vink","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vink AS, Neumann B, Lieve KVV, Sinner MF, Hofman N, El Kadi S et al (2018) Determination and interpretation of the QT interval. Circulation 138(21):2345\u20132358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033943","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"4471_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.07.017","volume":"2","author":"EK Heist","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heist EK, Ruskin JN (2005) Drug-induced proarrhythmia and use of QTc-prolonging agents: clues for clinicians. Heart Rhythm 2(2 Suppl):S1-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.07.017","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"4471_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S188","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181de112a","volume":"38","author":"BJ Barnes","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnes BJ, Hollands JM (2010) Drug-induced arrhythmias. Crit Care Med 38(6 Suppl):S188\u2013S197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181de112a","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4471_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.86.5.726","volume":"86","author":"M Aickin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Aickin M, Gensler H (1996) Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: the Bonferroni vs Holm methods. Am J Public Health 86(5):726\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.86.5.726","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4471_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01874.x","volume":"102","author":"S Kaye","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J, Darke S (2007) Methamphetamine and cardiovascular pathology: a review of the evidence. Addiction 102(8):1204\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01874.x","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR39","first-page":"59","volume":"63","author":"A Lorsheyd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lorsheyd A, de Lange DW, Hijmering ML, Cramer MJ, van de Wiel A (2005) PR and QTc interval prolongation on the electrocardiogram after binge drinking in healthy individuals. Neth J Med 63(2):59\u201363","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4471_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960220910","volume":"22","author":"J Rossinen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rossinen J, Sinisalo J, Partanen J, Nieminen MS, Viitasalo M (1999) Effects of acute alcohol infusion on duration and dispersion of QT interval in male patients with coronary artery disease and in healthy controls. Clin Cardiol 22(9):591\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.4960220910","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4471_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00292.2013","volume":"115","author":"CT Ives","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ives CT, Kimpinski K\u00a0(2013) Higher postural heart rate increments on head-up tilt correlate with younger age but not orthostatic symptoms. J Appl Physiol 1985 115(4):525\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00292.2013","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4471_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158355","volume":"38","author":"GW Kirschen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirschen GW, Singer DD, Thode HC, Singer AJ (2020) Relationship between body temperature and heart rate in adults and children: A local and national study. Am J Emerg Med 38(5):929\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.158355","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1102_8","volume":"11","author":"BM Kudielka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kudielka BM, Buske-Kirschbaum A, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C (2004) Differential heart rate reactivity and recovery after psychosocial stress (TSST) in healthy children, younger adults, and elderly adults: the impact of age and gender. Int J Behav Med 11(2):116\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1102_8","journal-title":"Int J Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4471_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199106010-00011","volume":"29","author":"E Baraldi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Baraldi E, Cooper DM, Zanconato S, Armon Y (1991) Heart rate recovery from 1 minute of exercise in children and adults. Pediatr Res 29(6):575\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-199106010-00011","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-198801000-00006","volume":"50","author":"KA Matthews","year":"1988","unstructured":"Matthews KA, Stoney CM (1988) Influences of sex and age on cardiovascular responses during stress. Psychosom Med 50(1):46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006842-198801000-00006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"4471_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/679345","volume":"2012","author":"S Moodithaya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moodithaya S, Avadhany ST (2012) Gender differences in age-related changes in cardiac autonomic nervous function. J Aging Res 2012:679345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/679345","journal-title":"J Aging Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.001","volume":"207","author":"A Tahvanainen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tahvanainen A, Leskinen M, Koskela J, Ilveskoski E, Nordhausen K, Oja H et al (2009) Ageing and cardiovascular responses to head-up tilt in healthy subjects. Atherosclerosis 207(2):445\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4471_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/s0735-1097(03)00418-2","volume":"41","author":"JR Stratton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stratton JR, Levy WC, Caldwell JH, Jacobson A, May J, Matsuoka D et al (2003) Effects of aging on cardiovascular responses to parasympathetic withdrawal. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(11):2077\u20132083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0735-1097(03)00418-2","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"4471_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hamdi H, Richard P, Suteau A, Allain P (2012) Emotion assessment for affective computing based on physiological responses.\u00a0IEEE Int Confer Fuzzy Syst. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2012.6250778","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZ-IEEE.2012.6250778"},{"issue":"8","key":"4471_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2000.2399","volume":"22","author":"PR Rijnbeek","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rijnbeek PR, Witsenburg M, Schrama E, Hess J, Kors JA (2001) New normal limits for the paediatric electrocardiogram. Eur Heart J 22(8):702\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/euhj.2000.2399","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4471_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2006.09.003","volume":"40","author":"JW Mason","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mason JW, Ramseth DJ, Chanter DO, Moon TE, Goodman DB, Mendzelevski B (2007) Electrocardiographic reference ranges derived from 79,743 ambulatory subjects. J Electrocardiol 40(3):228\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2006.09.003","journal-title":"J Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4471_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.cj-09-0979","volume":"74","author":"D Hazeki","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hazeki D, Yoshinaga M, Takahashi H, Tanaka Y, Haraguchi Y, Abe M et al (2010) Cut-offs for screening prolonged QT intervals from Fridericia\u2019s formula in children and adolescents. Circ J 74(8):1663\u20131669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1253\/circj.cj-09-0979","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"4471_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00994","volume":"10","author":"I Andr\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andr\u0161ov\u00e1 I, Hnatkova K, Hel\u00e1nov\u00e1 K, \u0160i\u0161\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Novotn\u00fd T, Kala P et al (2019) Individually rate corrected QTc intervals in children and adolescents. Front Physiol 10:994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2019.00994","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4471_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.3444","volume":"21","author":"T Sedlak","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sedlak T, Shufelt C, Iribarren C, Merz CN (2012) Sex hormones and the QT interval: a review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 21(9):933\u2013941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jwh.2011.3444","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4471_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200110000-00010","volume":"50","author":"D Mul","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mul D, Fredriks AM, van Buuren S, Oostdijk W, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Wit JM (2001) Pubertal development in The Netherlands 1965\u20131997. Pediatr Res 50(4):479\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1203\/00006450-200110000-00010","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2004.92530.x","volume":"9","author":"S Endres","year":"2004","unstructured":"Endres S, Mayuga KA, Cristofaro Ad, Taneja T, Goldberger JJ, Kadish AH (2004) Menstrual cycle and ST height. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 9(2):121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2004.92530.x","journal-title":"Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4471_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(96)00707-2","volume":"79","author":"JH Burke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Burke JH, Ehlert FA, Kruse JT, Parker MA, Goldberger JJ, Kadish AH (1997) Gender-specific differences in the QT interval and the effect of autonomic tone and menstrual cycle in healthy adults. Am J Cardiol 79(2):178\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0002-9149(96)00707-2","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4471_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1037\/pha0000338","volume":"28","author":"U Confresi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Confresi U, Bartholow BD, Fromme K (2020) Female drinkers are more sensitive than male drinkers to alcohol-induced heart rate increase. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 28(5):540\u20135552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pha0000338","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4471_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004667","volume":"10","author":"JN Weiss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weiss JN, Qu Z, Shivkumar K (2017) Electrophysiology of Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 10(3):e004667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCEP.116.004667","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4471_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcep.ijcep_43_17","volume":"4","author":"UK Udensi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Udensi UK, Tchounwou PB (2017) Potassium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and human disease. Int J Clin Exp Physiol 4(3):111\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijcep.ijcep_43_17","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Physiol"},{"key":"4471_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6488.1000185","volume":"2","author":"M Elisaf","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elisaf M, Kalaitzidis R (2015) Metabolic abnormalities in alcoholic patients: focus on acid base and electrolyte disorders. J Alcohol Drug Depend 2:185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2329-6488.1000185","journal-title":"J Alcohol Drug Depend"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)31251-2","volume":"68","author":"G Kaysen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kaysen G, Noth RH (1984) The effects of alcohol on blood pressure and electrolytes. Med Clin North Am 68(1):221\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0025-7125(16)31251-2","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"4471_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1395","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1513","volume":"128","author":"CS Van Dorn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Dorn CS, Johnson JN, Taggart NW, Thorkelson L, Ackerman MJ (2011) QTc values among children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department. Pediatrics 128(6):e1395\u2013e1401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2010-1513","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4471_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.02.011","volume":"2","author":"S Viskin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Viskin S, Rosovski U, Sands AJ, Chen E, Kistler PM, Kalman JM et al (2005) Inaccurate electrocardiographic interpretation of long QT: the majority of physicians cannot recognize a long QT when they see one. Heart Rhythm 2(6):569\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2005.02.011","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"1","key":"4471_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01589.x","volume":"259","author":"DM Roden","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roden DM (2006) Long QT syndrome: reduced repolarization reserve and the genetic link. J Intern Med 259(1):59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01589.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"4471_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.03.037","volume":"5","author":"PG Postema","year":"2008","unstructured":"Postema PG, De Jong JS, Van der Bilt IA, Wilde AA (2008) Accurate electrocardiographic assessment of the QT interval: teach the tangent. Heart Rhythm 5(7):1015\u20131018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hrthm.2008.03.037","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"4471_CR67","unstructured":"Department of Cardiology Heart Center Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam. The Netherlands. QT Calculator for LQTS probability calculation. https:\/\/www.qtcalculator.org\/"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04471-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04471-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04471-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T12:55:46Z","timestamp":1655124946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04471-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-022-04471-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the medical ethical research committee Leiden-Den Haag-Delft and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Adolescents aged 10\u201318\u00a0years with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC)\u2009>\u20090.0\u00a0g\/L were selected using the Diagnosis Treatment Combination code \u2018alcohol intoxication\u2019, which is used to declare the costs of provided treatments of patients with alcohol intoxication. Waiver of consent was approved by the medical ethical research committee Leiden-Den Haag-Delft for the use of non-identifiable electrocardiogram data of adolescents that provided written informed consent, and written parental consent for adolescents younger than 16\u00a0years of age, for registration to the Dutch Pediatric Surveillance Unit (NSCK) during the acute treatment or outpatient follow-up. Since 2007, the NSCK has been collecting data on adolescents admitted for alcohol intoxication, such as demographic characteristics, vital functions and laboratory results, and prior substance use patterns.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. The authors do not have a financial relationship with the non-profit organization that sponsored the research, as this organization pays the Reinier de Graaf hospital for the hours that affiliated authors(L. de Veld\u2009~\u2009paediatric resident and N. van der Lely\u2009~\u2009paediatrician) spend on research instead of clinical activities.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}