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The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in general (GO) and abdominal (AO) obesity in children from 4 to 9\u00a0years of age and their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors at 9\u00a0years of age. This study includes 1344 children from the Longitudinal Childhood Obesity Study (ELOIN). Physical examinations performed at 4, 6 and 9\u00a0years of age and a blood sample was only taken at 9\u00a0years of age. Changes in obesity from 4 to 9\u00a0years of age were estimated using Body Mass Index and waist circumference. Participants were classified into four groups according to GO and AO: (1) stable without obesity (no obesity at all three measurements); (2) remitting obesity at 9\u00a0years (obesity at 4 and\/or 6\u00a0years but not at 9\u00a0years); (3) incident or recurrent obesity at 9\u00a0years (obesity only at 9\u00a0years, at 4 and 9\u00a0years or at 6 and 9\u00a0years); and (4) stable or persistent with obesity (obesity at 4, 6 and 9\u00a0years). Dyslipidemia and dysglycemia were defined by the presence of at least one altered parameter of the lipid or glycemic profile. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using logistic regression. Compared with children without GO at all ages, those with persistent GO had an OR of 3.66 (95% CI: 2.06\u20136.51) for dyslipidemia, 10.61 (95% CI: 5.69\u201319.79) for dysglycemia and 8.35 (95% CI: 4.55\u201315.30) for high blood pressure. The associations were fairly similar in the case of AO, with ORs of 3.52 (95% CI: 1.96\u20136.34), 17.15 (95% CI: 9.09\u201332.34) and 8.22 (95% CI: 4.46\u201315.15), respectively, when comparing persistent versus stable without AO. Children with incident obesity at 9\u00a0years presented a moderate cardiometabolic risk that was nevertheless higher compared to those stable without obesity, whereas those with remitting obesity did not show any significant associations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Incident, and especially, persistent obesity, is associated with an increased cardiometabolic risk. The very early prevention of obesity, with a focus on nutrition, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, as well as tracking growth from birth to age 5, should be a priority to prevent the burden of cardiometabolic disease with consequences for adulthood.\n<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022\u00a0General and abdominal obesity has been shown to be associated with other cardiometabolic risk factors such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hypertension.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Temporary changes in obesity and their associations with cardiometabolic risk factors have not been sufficiently explored in childhood.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022\u00a0Children with incident, and especially persistent, general and\/or abdominal obesity, had an increased risk of dyslipidemia, dysglycemia and high blood pressure.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022Remitting obesity was not associated with an increased cardiometabolic risk.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04802-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T03:02:43Z","timestamp":1673665363000},"page":"1329-1340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Changes in general and abdominal obesity in children at 4, 6 and 9\u00a0years of age and their association with other cardiometabolic risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"182","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honorato","family":"Ortiz-Marr\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Caba\u00f1as Pujadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maira Alejandra","family":"Ortiz-Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ar\u00e1nzazu","family":"Mart\u00edn Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Matesanz Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Castillo","family":"Antonaya Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Cort\u00e9s Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Gal\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators (2017) Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. 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The present study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the parents\/caregivers of all participating children.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}