{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T17:06:36Z","timestamp":1775840796706,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Fund for Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key specialties","award":["SZXK035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZXK035"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prepubertal testicular teratomas are rare tumors with limited practical guidance for their management. This study aimed to analyze a large multicenter database to establish the optimal management of testicular teratomas. We retrospectively collected data on testicular teratomas in children younger than 12\u00a0years who underwent surgery without postoperative chemotherapy in three large professional children\u2019s institutions in China between 2007 and 2021. The biological behavior and long-term outcomes of testicular teratomas were analyzed. In total, 487 children (with 393 mature teratomas and 94 immature teratomas) were included. Among mature teratomas, 375 cases were testis-sparing, 18 were orchiectomies, 346 were operated through the scrotal approach, and 47 underwent the inguinal approach. The median follow-up period was 70\u00a0months, and no recurrence or testicular atrophy was observed. Among the children with immature teratomas, 54 underwent testis-sparing surgery, 40 underwent orchiectomy, 43 were operated through the scrotal approach, and 51 were operated through the inguinal approach. Two cases of immature teratomas with cryptorchidism had local recurrence or metastasis within 1\u00a0year of the operation. The median follow-up duration was 76\u00a0months. No other patients had recurrence, metastasis, or testicular atrophy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>\u00a0 Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Testicular-sparing surgery is the first treatment choice for prepubertal testicular teratomas, with the scrotal approach being a safe and well-tolerated strategy for these diseases. Additionally, patients with immature teratomas and cryptorchidism may have tumor recurrence or metastasis after surgery. Therefore, these patients should be closely followed up in the first year after surgery.\n<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 There is a fundamental difference between testicular tumours in childhood and those in adulthood - not only in terms of the difference and incidence but also in terms of histology.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 For surgical techniques, the inguinal approach is recommended for the treatment of testicular teratomas in children.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 The scrotal approach being a safe and well-tolerated strategy for testicular teratomas in children.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Patients with immature teratomas and cryptorchidism may have tumor recurrence or metastasis after surgery. These patients should be closely followed up in the first year after surgery.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-04859-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T09:02:51Z","timestamp":1676538171000},"page":"1823-1828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical characteristics and long-term management of prepubertal testicular teratomas: a retrospective, multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Guanglun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenglan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruifeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaoling","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhilin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shoulin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4859_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed HU, Arya M, Muneer A, Mushtaq I, Sebire NJ (2010) Testicular and paratesticular tumours in the prepubertal population. Lancet Oncol\u00a011(5):476\u201383.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70012-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70012-7"},{"key":"4859_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cost NG, Lubahn JD, Adibi M, Romman A, Wickiser JE, Raj GV, Sagalowsky AI, Margulis V (2014) A Comparison of pediatric, adolescent, and adult testicular germ cell malignancy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 61(3):446\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pbc.24773","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24773"},{"key":"4859_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu P, Li W, Song HC, Jiao LL, Zhang WP, Sun N (2018) Characteristics, treatment decisions and outcomes of prepubertal testicular germ cell tumor: a descriptive analysis from a large Chinese center. J Pediatr Urol 14(5):443.e1\u2013443.e7.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.02.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.02.030"},{"key":"4859_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hisamatsu E, Takagi S, Nakagawa Y, Sugita Y, Yoshino K, Ueoka K, Tanikaze S (2010) Prepubertal testicular tumors: a 20-year experience with 40 cases. Int J Urol\u00a017(11):956\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2010.02629.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2010.02629.x"},{"key":"4859_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bujons A, Sfulcini JC, Pascual M, Feu OA, Garat JM (2011) Villavicencio H. Prepubertal testicular tumours and efficacy of testicular preserving surgery. BJU Int\u00a0107(11):1812\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09796.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09796.x"},{"key":"4859_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khemakhem R, Ahmed YB, Jlidi S, Nouira F, Fdhila F, Charieg A, Ghorbel S, Barsaoui S, Chaouachi B (2013)Testicular tumours in prepubertal children: about eight cases. Afr J Paediatr Surg\u00a010(2):176\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0189-6725.115048","DOI":"10.4103\/0189-6725.115048"},{"key":"4859_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Friend J, Barker A, Khosa J, Samnakay N (2016) Benign scrotal masses in children-some new lessons learned. J Pediatr Surg\u00a051(10):1737\u201342.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.07.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.07.016"},{"key":"4859_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmidt D, Kommoss F (2007) Teratoma of the ovary. Clinical and pathological differences between mature and immature teratomas. 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J Urol 178(4 Pt 2):1730\u20132.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.05.096"},{"key":"4859_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross JH (2009) Prepubertal testicular tumors. Urology\u00a074(1):94\u20139.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2008.12.036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.12.036"},{"key":"4859_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasegawa T, Maeda K, Kamata N, Okita Y (2006) A case of immature teratoma originating in intra-abdominal undescended testis in a 3-month-old infant. Pediatr Surg Int 22(6):570\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00383-006-1694-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-006-1694-8"},{"key":"4859_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross JH, Rybicki L, Kay R (2002) Clinical behavior and a contemporary management algorithm for prepubertal testis tumors: a summary of the Prepubertal Testis Tumor Registry. 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Histopathology 70(3):335\u2013346.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/his.13102","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13102"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-023-04859-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-023-04859-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-023-04859-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T07:37:16Z","timestamp":1683704236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-023-04859-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-023-04859-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Children\u2019s Hospital (Date: 23\/2\/2022, No: 2022021).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the guardians or parents of all patients before treatment.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors affirm that consent to publish has been received from all participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}