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Special attention was paid to guideline compliance, especially regarding macrolide prescriptions, which the guidelines discourage. Retrospective data of 1431 children with LRTI in November\u2013December 2012\u20132015 were collected from electronic registers and checked manually. Three diagnostic groups were analyzed: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), wheezing bronchitis, and non-wheezing bronchitis. A comparison of the pre- and post-guideline periods revealed antibiotic prescription rates of 48.7% and 48.9% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.955) for all LRTIs, respectively, and 77.6% and 71.0% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.053) for non-wheezing bronchitis. The prescription rates for all LRTIs were 24.9% in PED and 45.9% in public (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 vs. PED) and 75.4% in private clinics (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 vs. PED and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 vs. public clinics). During post-guideline periods, antibiotics were prescribed for CAP less often in private (56.3%) than in public clinics (84.6%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037) or in PED (94.3%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 vs. private and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.091 vs. public primary clinics). Macrolide prescriptions were highest in private clinics (42.8%), followed by public primary care clinics (28.5%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and PED (0.8%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 vs. both public and private primary care). Amoxicillin was the predominant antibiotic in public primary care and PED and macrolides in private primary care. <\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>:\u00a0Antibiotic prescribing for children with LRTI differed significantly between healthcare providers. CAP was undertreated and bronchitis overtreated with antibiotics in primary care, especially in the private clinics.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Clinical Treatment Guidelines tend to have modest effect on physicians\u2019 antibiotic prescribing habits.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Pediatric viral LRTIs are widely treated with unnecessary antibiotics.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Remarkable differences in antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric LRTIs between Finnish private and public providers were observed.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Overuse of macrolides was common especially in private clinics.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05099-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]],"date-time":"2023-07-19T03:29:59Z","timestamp":1689737399000},"page":"4369-4377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Use of antibiotics contrary to guidelines for children\u2019s lower respiratory tract infections in different health care settings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Roope","family":"Poutanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Korppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Csonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satu-Liisa","family":"Pauniaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjo","family":"Renko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sauli","family":"Palmu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5099_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1542\/PEDS.2008-1675","volume":"123","author":"JM Mansbach","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mansbach JM, Espinola JA, Macias CG et al (2009) Variability in the diagnostic labeling of nonbacterial lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter study of children who presented to the emergency department. 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