{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:23:07Z","timestamp":1786980187922,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised (I-GERQ-R) is used to score and evaluate gastroesophageal reflux (GER) related symptoms such as regurgitation, irritability and crying. A cut-off of\u2009\u2265\u200916 has been suggested to discriminate between GER and GER-disease. However, age-specific normal values were not assessed. Aim of this study was to determine age-specific normal values in healthy infants. Cross-sectional survey in healthy infants aged 0\u201324\u00a0months during their regular check-ups at well-baby clinics and through an online questionnaire using the I-GERQ-R. Infants with a history of (suspected) GER-disease were excluded. Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient was calculated to explore age-related trends. A total of 979 healthy infants (47% male, median age 6 [0\u201324] months) were included. Median I-GERQ-R score, regardless of age, was 6 (range: 0\u201327). I-GERQ-R scores significantly decreased with age (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u2009-0.569, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Of all infants, 49 (5%) had a score of\u2009\u2265\u200916 which previously has been considered \u2018suggestive of GER-disease\u2019. Scores of\u2009\u2265\u200916 were most frequently seen in newborns aged 0\u20134\u00a0months (16% in 0\u20131\u00a0months to 4% in 3\u20134\u00a0months) and disappeared after the age of 16\u00a0months. High scores in the first months of life were caused by a high prevalence of regurgitation, colic-associated symptoms and hiccup frequency.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Age-dependent normal values for the I-GERQ-R show that reflux symptoms decrease in the first 24\u00a0months of life in healthy infants. Scores of\u2009\u2265\u200916 should not necessarily be considered abnormal in young infants. Validation as a diagnostic tool for GER-disease using age-appropriate normal values is needed.\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 The Infant Gastro Esophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised (I-GERQ-R) was developed to objectively score and evaluate GER-related symptoms in infants.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Previously a cut off of \u2265 16 has been suggested to differentiate between gastro esophageal reflux (GER) and GER-disease.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 We present age-specific normal values of the I-GERQ-R in healthy infants.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 I-GERQ-R scores clearly decrease with age and up to 16% of young healthy infants have a score that is above the previously suggested cut-off score of 16 for GER-disease.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05281-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,5]],"date-time":"2023-11-05T22:01:22Z","timestamp":1699221682000},"page":"445-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Age-dependent normal values for the \u2018Infant Gastroesophageal Reflux Questionnaire Revised\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Marinde","family":"van Lennep","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9derique","family":"Lansink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiel P.","family":"van Wijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"5281_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.10.011","volume":"81","author":"Y Vandenplas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vandenplas Y, Salvatore S, Hauser B (2005) The diagnosis and management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants. 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