{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:23:23Z","timestamp":1793316203950,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the preferred method for renal support in critically ill and hemodynamically unstable children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) as it allows for gentle removal of fluids and solutes. The most frequent indications for CRRT include acute kidney injury (AKI) and fluid overload (FO) as well as non-renal indications such as removal of toxic metabolites in acute liver failure, inborn errors of metabolism, and intoxications and removal of inflammatory mediators in sepsis. AKI and\/or FO are common in critically ill children and their presence is associated with worse outcomes. Therefore, early recognition of AKI and FO is important and timely transfer of patients who might require CRRT to a center with institutional expertise should be considered. Although CRRT has been increasingly used in the critical care setting, due to the lack of standardized recommendations, wide practice variations exist regarding the main aspects of CRRT application in critically ill children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u00a0 \u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\u00a0In this review, from the Critical Care Nephrology section of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC), we summarize the key aspects of CRRT delivery and highlight the importance of adequate follow up among AKI survivors which might be of relevance for the general pediatric community.\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 CRRT is the preferred method of renal support in critically ill and hemodynamically unstable children in the PICU as it allows for gentle removal of fluids and solutes<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Although CRRT has become an important and integral part of modern pediatric critical care, wide practice variations exist in all aspects of CRRT<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Given the lack of literature on guidance for a general pediatrician on when to refer a child for CRRT, we recommend timely transfer to a center with institutional expertise in CRRT, as both worsening AKI and FO have been associated with increased mortality<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Adequate follow-up of PICU patients with AKI and CRRT is highlighted as recent findings demonstrate that these children are at increased risk for adverse long-term outcomes<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05318-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T01:14:22Z","timestamp":1700183662000},"page":"529-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Continuous renal replacement therapy in neonates and children: what does the pediatrician need to know? An overview from the Critical Care Nephrology Section of the European Society of Paediatric and\u00a0Neonatal  Intensive Care (ESPNIC)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Gerard","family":"Cortina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Daverio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demet","family":"Demirkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chanchlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Deep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1425-4","volume":"35","author":"G Maclaren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maclaren G, Butt W (2009) Controversies in paediatric continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 35(4):596\u2013602","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3807-0","volume":"41","author":"C Ronco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ronco C, Ricci Z (2015) Pediatric continuous renal replacement: 20 years later. Intensive Care Med 41(6):985\u2013993","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(03)00010-1","volume":"19","author":"NJ Maxvold","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maxvold NJ, Bunchman TE (2003) Renal failure and renal replacement therapy. Crit Care Clin 19(3):563\u2013575","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"5318_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2080-x","volume":"27","author":"SM Sutherland","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sutherland SM, Alexander SR (2012) Continuous renal replacement therapy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 27(11):2007\u20132016","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67121.x","volume":"67","author":"SL Goldstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Goldstein SL, Somers MJ, Baum MA, Symons JM, Brophy PD, Blowey D et al (2005) Pediatric patients with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome receiving continuous renal replacement therapy. Kidney Int 67(2):653\u2013658","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0213-1","volume":"166","author":"G Pichler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pichler G, Rodl S, Mache C, Trop M, Ring E, Zobel G (2007) Two decades\u2019 experience of renal replacement therapy in paediatric patients with acute renal failure. Eur J Pediatr 166(2):139\u2013144","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"5318_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670100029","volume":"16","author":"TE Bunchman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bunchman TE, McBryde KD, Mottes TE, Gardner JJ, Maxvold NJ, Brophy PD (2001) Pediatric acute renal failure: outcome by modality and disease. Pediatr Nephrol 16(12):1067\u20131071","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5318_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2003.07281.x","volume":"27","author":"SL Goldstein","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goldstein SL (2003) Overview of pediatric renal replacement therapy in acute renal failure. Artif Organs 27(9):781\u2013785","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-0826-x","volume":"24","author":"S Walters","year":"2009","unstructured":"Walters S, Porter C, Brophy PD (2009) Dialysis and pediatric acute kidney injury: choice of renal support modality. Pediatr Nephrol 24(1):37\u201348","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"5318_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002231","volume":"71","author":"A Akcan-Arikan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Akcan-Arikan A, Zappitelli M, Loftis LL, Washburn KK, Jefferson LS, Goldstein SL (2007) Modified RIFLE criteria in critically ill children with acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 71(10):1028\u20131035","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11454","volume":"17","author":"Kellum JA, Lameire N, Group KAGW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Lameire N, Group KAGW (2013) Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of acute kidney injury: a KDIGO summary (Part 1). Crit Care 17(1):204","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"5318_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000132897.52737.49","volume":"32","author":"JA Foland","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foland JA, Fortenberry JD, Warshaw BL, Pettignano R, Merritt RK, Heard ML et al (2004) Fluid overload before continuous hemofiltration and survival in critically ill children: a retrospective analysis. Crit Care Med 32(8):1771\u20131776","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2015.01.002","volume":"35","author":"R Alobaidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alobaidi R, Basu RK, Goldstein SL, Bagshaw SM (2015) Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 35(1):2\u201311","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1478-z","volume":"20","author":"M Ostermann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ostermann M, Joannidis M (2016) Acute kidney injury 2016: diagnosis and diagnostic workup. Crit Care 20(1):299","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"5318_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askenazi DJ, Goldstein SL, Koralkar R, Fortenberry J, Baum M, Hackbarth R et al (2013) Continuous renal replacement therapy for children <\/=10 kg: a report from the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. J Pediatr 162(3):587\u201392 e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.08.044"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R48","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7771","volume":"13","author":"K Blijdorp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blijdorp K, Cransberg K, Wildschut ED, Gischler SJ, Jan Houmes R, Wolff ED et al (2009) Haemofiltration in newborns treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a case-comparison study. Crit Care 13(2):R48","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"5318_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.46901","volume":"5","author":"M Daverio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daverio M, Cortina G, Jones A, Ricci Z, Demirkol D, Raymakers-Janssen P et al (2022) Continuous kidney replacement therapy practices in pediatric intensive care units across Europe. JAMA Netw Open 5(12):e2246901","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30069-X","volume":"1","author":"JG Jetton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jetton JG, Boohaker LJ, Sethi SK, Wazir S, Rohatgi S, Soranno DE et al (2017) Incidence and outcomes of neonatal acute kidney injury (AWAKEN): a multicentre, multinational, observational cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 1(3):184\u2013194","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611391","volume":"376","author":"A Kaddourah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaddourah A, Basu RK, Bagshaw SM, Goldstein SL, Investigators A (2017) Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults. N Engl J Med 376(1):11\u201320","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.349","volume":"85","author":"RK Basu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Basu RK, Zappitelli M, Brunner L, Wang Y, Wong HR, Chawla LS et al (2014) Derivation and validation of the renal angina index to improve the prediction of acute kidney injury in critically ill children. Kidney Int 85(3):659\u2013667","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2021-005438","volume":"44","author":"S Menon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menon S, Symons JM, Selewski DT (2023) Acute Kidney Injury. Pediatr Rev 44(5):265\u2013279","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"5318_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hui WF, Chan VPY, Cheung WL, Ku SW, Hon KL (2023) Risk factors for development of acute kidney injury and acute kidney disease in critically ill children. J Nephrol\u00a0","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-023-01613-z"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01900214","volume":"10","author":"SM Sutherland","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sutherland SM, Byrnes JJ, Kothari M, Longhurst CA, Dutta S, Garcia P et al (2015) AKI in hospitalized children: comparing the pRIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO definitions. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 10(4):554\u2013561","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2008.12.017","volume":"24","author":"LW Hayes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hayes LW, Oster RA, Tofil NM, Tolwani AJ (2009) Outcomes of critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. J Crit Care 24(3):394\u2013400","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.10.048","volume":"55","author":"SM Sutherland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sutherland SM, Zappitelli M, Alexander SR, Chua AN, Brophy PD, Bunchman TE et al (2010) Fluid overload and mortality in children receiving continuous renal replacement therapy: the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Am J Kidney Dis 55(2):316\u2013325","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"5318_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2231-3","volume":"37","author":"DT Selewski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Selewski DT, Cornell TT, Lombel RM, Blatt NB, Han YY, Mottes T et al (2011) Weight-based determination of fluid overload status and mortality in pediatric intensive care unit patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 37(7):1166\u20131173","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e31822882a3","volume":"13","author":"AA Arikan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arikan AA, Zappitelli M, Goldstein SL, Naipaul A, Jefferson LS, Loftis LL (2012) Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 13(3):253\u2013258","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5318_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1655-1","volume":"19","author":"RS Gillespie","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gillespie RS, Seidel K, Symons JM (2004) Effect of fluid overload and dose of replacement fluid on survival in hemofiltration. Pediatr Nephrol 19(12):1394\u20131399","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"5318_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortina G, McRae R, Hoq M, Donath S, Chiletti R, Arvandi M et al (2018) Mortality of critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy: effect of fluid overload, underlying disease, and timing of initiation. Pediatr Crit Care Med\u00a0","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001806"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1309","volume":"107","author":"SL Goldstein","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldstein SL, Currier H, Graf C, Cosio CC, Brewer ED, Sachdeva R (2001) Outcome in children receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Pediatrics 107(6):1309\u20131312","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.4540","volume":"172","author":"R Alobaidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alobaidi R, Morgan C, Basu RK, Stenson E, Featherstone R, Majumdar SR et al (2018) Association between fluid balance and outcomes in critically ill children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 172(3):257\u2013268","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.243","volume":"82","author":"J Cerda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cerda J, Tolwani AJ, Warnock DG (2012) Critical care nephrology: management of acid-base disorders with CRRT. Kidney Int 82(1):9\u201318","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2016.02.005","volume":"23","author":"L Yessayan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yessayan L, Yee J, Frinak S, Szamosfalvi B (2016) Continuous renal replacement therapy for the management of acid-base and electrolyte imbalances in acute kidney injury. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 23(3):203\u2013210","journal-title":"Adv Chronic Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5318_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001826","volume":"44","author":"A Deep","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deep A, Stewart CE, Dhawan A, Douiri A (2016) Effect of continuous renal replacement therapy on outcome in pediatric acute liver failure. Crit Care Med 44(10):1910\u20131919","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5318_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00190-0","volume":"6","author":"A Deep","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deep A, Alexander EC, Bulut Y, Fitzpatrick E, Grazioli S, Heaton N et al (2022) Advances in medical management of acute liver failure in children: promoting native liver survival. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 6(10):725\u2013737","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2441-8","volume":"28","author":"JM Spinale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spinale JM, Laskin BL, Sondheimer N, Swartz SJ, Goldstein SL (2013) High-dose continuous renal replacement therapy for neonatal hyperammonemia. Pediatr Nephrol 28(6):983\u2013986","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01706203","volume":"21","author":"JH Reeves","year":"1995","unstructured":"Reeves JH, Butt WW (1995) Blood filtration in children with severe sepsis: safe adjunctive therapy. Intensive Care Med 21(6):500\u2013504","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"5318_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e806","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003901","volume":"47","author":"H Miao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Miao H, Shi J, Wang C, Lu G, Zhu X, Wang Y et al (2019) Continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric severe sepsis: a propensity score-matched prospective multicenter cohort study in the PICU. Crit Care Med 47(10):e806\u2013e813","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001400","volume":"19","author":"G Cortina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cortina G, McRae R, Chiletti R, Butt W (2018) Therapeutic plasma exchange in critically ill children requiring intensive care. Pediatr Crit Care Med 19(2):e97\u2013e104","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04310-2","volume":"27","author":"C Ronco","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ronco C, Chawla L, Husain-Syed F, Kellum JA (2023) Rationale for sequential extracorporeal therapy (SET) in sepsis. Crit Care 27(1):50","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"5318_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","volume":"47","author":"L Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, Antonelli M, Coopersmith CM, French C et al (2021) Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med 47(11):1181\u20131247","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000039","volume":"42","author":"V Modem","year":"2014","unstructured":"Modem V, Thompson M, Gollhofer D, Dhar AV, Quigley R (2014) Timing of continuous renal replacement therapy and mortality in critically ill children*. Crit Care Med 42(4):943\u2013953","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1603017","volume":"375","author":"S Gaudry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaudry S, Hajage D, Schortgen F, Martin-Lefevre L, Pons B, Boulet E et al (2016) Initiation strategies for renal-replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 375(2):122\u2013133","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"5318_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.5828","volume":"315","author":"A Zarbock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zarbock A, Kellum JA, Schmidt C, Van Aken H, Wempe C, Pavenstadt H et al (2016) Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: the ELAIN randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315(20):2190\u20132199","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10281","key":"5318_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00350-0","volume":"397","author":"S Gaudry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaudry S, Hajage D, Martin-Lefevre L, Lebbah S, Louis G, Moschietto S et al (2021) Comparison of two delayed strategies for renal replacement therapy initiation for severe acute kidney injury (AKIKI 2): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 397(10281):1293\u20131300","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"5318_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05878-6","volume":"46","author":"SL Weiss","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weiss SL, Peters MJ, Alhazzani W, Agus MSD, Flori HR, Inwald DP et al (2020) Surviving sepsis campaign international guidelines for the management of septic shock and sepsis-associated organ dysfunction in children. Intensive Care Med 46(Suppl 1):10\u201367","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002305","volume":"21","author":"G Cortina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cortina G, McRae R, Chiletti R, Butt W (2020) The effect of patient- and treatment-related factors on circuit lifespan during continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 21(6):578\u2013585","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"5318_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880703001212","volume":"30","author":"R Hackbarth","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hackbarth R, Bunchman TE, Chua AN, Somers MJ, Baum M, Symons JM et al (2007) The effect of vascular access location and size on circuit survival in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a report from the PPCRRT registry. Int J Artif Organs 30(12):1116\u20131121","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.08.006","volume":"129","author":"C Breschan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Breschan C, Graf G, Arneitz C, Stettner H, Neuwersch S, Stadik C et al (2022) Retrospective evaluation of 599 brachiocephalic vein cannulations in neonates and preterm infants. Br J Anaesth 129(5):e138\u2013e140","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1177\/11297298211034311","volume":"24","author":"Z Merchaoui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Merchaoui Z, Laudouar Q, Marais C, Morin L, Ghali N, Charbel R et al (2023) Ultrasound guided percutaneous catheterization of the brachiocephalic vein by small caliber catheter: an alternative to epicutaneo-caval catheter in newborn and premature infants. J Vasc Access 24(3):487\u2013491","journal-title":"J Vasc Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aem041","volume":"98","author":"T Pirotte","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pirotte T, Veyckemans F (2007) Ultrasound-guided subclavian vein cannulation in infants and children: a novel approach. Br J Anaesth 98(4):509\u2013514","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-2787-9","volume":"24","author":"Y Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh Y, Tissot C, Fraga MV, Yousef N, Cortes RG, Lopez J et al (2020) International evidence-based guidelines on Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) for critically ill neonates and children issued by the POCUS Working Group of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC). Crit Care 24(1):65","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"5318_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002754","volume":"22","author":"I Szeps","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szeps I, Ostlund A, Norberg A, Flaring U, Andersson A (2021) Thromboembolic complications of vascular catheters used for pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: prevalence in a single-center, retrospective cohort. Pediatr Crit Care Med 22(8):743\u2013752","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.03.427","volume":"68","author":"E Macedo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Macedo E, Mehta RL (2016) Continuous dialysis therapies: core curriculum 2016. Am J Kidney Dis 68(4):645\u2013657","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"5318_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3482-6","volume":"32","author":"A Vasudevan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vasudevan A, Phadke K, Yap HK (2017) Peritoneal dialysis for the management of pediatric patients with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 32(7):1145\u20131156","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.172","volume":"82","author":"M Bojan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bojan M, Gioanni S, Vouhe PR, Journois D, Pouard P (2012) Early initiation of peritoneal dialysis in neonates and infants with acute kidney injury following cardiac surgery is associated with a significant decrease in mortality. Kidney Int 82(4):474\u2013481","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"5318_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05852-3","volume":"38","author":"P Nourse","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nourse P, McCulloch M, Coetzee A, Bunchman T, Picca S, Rusch J et al (2023) Gravity-assisted continuous flow peritoneal dialysis technique use in acute kidney injury in children: a randomized, crossover clinical trial. Pediatr Nephrol 38(8):2781\u20132790","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.09.004","volume":"155","author":"S Tandukar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tandukar S, Palevsky PM (2019) Continuous Renal replacement therapy: who, when, why, and how. Chest 155(3):626\u2013638","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0675-x","volume":"18","author":"H Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen H, Yu RG, Yin NN, Zhou JX (2014) Combination of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care 18(6):675","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR60","first-page":"366","volume":"68","author":"Z Ricci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ricci Z, Guzzi F, Tuccinardi G, Romagnoli S (2016) Dialytic dose in pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy patients. Minerva Pediatr 68(5):366\u2013373","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"5318_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000172","volume":"15","author":"L Chevret","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chevret L, Durand P, Lambert J, Essouri S, Balu L, Devictor D et al (2014) High-volume hemofiltration in children with acute liver failure*. Pediatr Crit Care Med 15(7):e300\u2013e305","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R7","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13184","volume":"18","author":"E Clark","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clark E, Molnar AO, Joannes-Boyau O, Honore PM, Sikora L, Bagshaw SM (2014) High-volume hemofiltration for septic acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 18(1):R7","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9223","key":"5318_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02430-2","volume":"356","author":"C Ronco","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ronco C, Bellomo R, Homel P, Brendolan A, Dan M, Piccinni P et al (2000) Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Lancet 356(9223):26\u201330","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5318_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buccione E, Bambi S, Rasero L, Tofani L, Piazzini T, Della Pelle C et al (2022) Regional citrate anticoagulation and systemic anticoagulation during pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a systematic literature review. J Clin Med 11(11)","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11113121"},{"issue":"11","key":"5318_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05567-5","volume":"37","author":"A Deep","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deep A (2022) Anticoagulation strategies in continuous kidney replacement therapy - does one size fit all? Pediatr Nephrol 37(11):2525\u20132529","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5318_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh817","volume":"20","author":"PD Brophy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brophy PD, Somers MJ, Baum MA, Symons JM, McAfee N, Fortenberry JD et al (2005) Multi-centre evaluation of anticoagulation in patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Nephrol Dial Transplant 20(7):1416\u20131421","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"5318_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3694-4","volume":"32","author":"P Raymakers-Janssen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Raymakers-Janssen P, Lilien M, van Kessel IA, Veldhoen ES, Wosten-van Asperen RM, van Gestel JPJ (2017) Citrate versus heparin anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy in small children. Pediatr Nephrol 32(10):1971\u20131978","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5318_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000860","volume":"17","author":"T Zaoral","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaoral T, Hladik M, Zapletalova J, Travnicek B, Gelnarova E (2016) Circuit lifetime with citrate versus heparin in pediatric continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Pediatr Crit Care Med 17(9):e399-405","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"5318_CR69","volume":"2014","author":"SN Fernandez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fernandez SN, Santiago MJ, Lopez-Herce J, Garcia M, Del Castillo J, Alcaraz AJ et al (2014) Citrate anticoagulation for CRRT in children: comparison with heparin. Biomed Res Int 2014:786301","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2690-6","volume":"29","author":"J Soltysiak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soltysiak J, Warzywoda A, Kocinski B, Ostalska-Nowicka D, Benedyk A, Silska-Dittmar M et al (2014) Citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in small children. Pediatr Nephrol 29(3):469\u2013475","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1299-0","volume":"20","author":"C Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu C, Mao Z, Kang H, Hu J, Zhou F (2016) Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care 20(1):144","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"5318_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.13850","volume":"26","author":"R Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li R, Gao X, Zhou T, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang P (2022) Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ther Apher Dial 26(6):1086\u20131097","journal-title":"Ther Apher Dial"},{"issue":"1","key":"5318_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00040505","volume":"1","author":"AJ Tolwani","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tolwani AJ, Prendergast MB, Speer RR, Stofan BS, Wille KM (2006) A practical citrate anticoagulation continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration protocol for metabolic control and high solute clearance. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1(1):79\u201387","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR74","first-page":"648","volume":"19","author":"FJ Gainza","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gainza FJ, Quintanilla N, Pijoan JI, Delgado S, Urbizu JM, Lampreabe I (2006) Role of prostacyclin (epoprostenol) as anticoagulant in continuous renal replacement therapies: efficacy, security and cost analysis. J Nephrol 19(5):648\u2013655","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000452754","volume":"43","author":"A Deep","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deep A, Zoha M, Dutta KP (2017) Prostacyclin as an anticoagulant for continuous renal replacement therapy in children. Blood Purif 43(4):279\u2013289","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-9987.13958","volume":"27","author":"T Haga","year":"2023","unstructured":"Haga T, Ide K, Tani M (2023) Characteristics of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapies in hospitals with pediatric intensive care units in Japan. Ther Apher Dial 27(3):562\u2013570","journal-title":"Ther Apher Dial"},{"issue":"11","key":"5318_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05502-8","volume":"37","author":"MJ Miyaji","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyaji MJ, Ide K, Takashima K, Maeno M, Krallman KA, Lazear D et al (2022) Comparison of nafamostat mesilate to citrate anticoagulation in pediatric continuous kidney replacement therapy. Pediatr Nephrol 37(11):2733\u20132742","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2147-y","volume":"37","author":"S Rodl","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodl S, Marschitz I, Mache CJ, Koestenberger M, Madler G, Rehak T et al (2011) One-year safe use of the Prismaflex HF20((R)) disposable set in infants in 220 renal replacement treatment sessions. Intensive Care Med 37(5):884\u2013885","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9931","key":"5318_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60799-6","volume":"383","author":"C Ronco","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ronco C, Garzotto F, Brendolan A, Zanella M, Bellettato M, Vedovato S et al (2014) Continuous renal replacement therapy in neonates and small infants: development and first-in-human use of a miniaturised machine (CARPEDIEM). Lancet 383(9931):1807\u20131813","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05180-y","volume":"37","author":"SL Goldstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Goldstein SL, Vidal E, Ricci Z, Paglialonga F, Peruzzi L, Giordano M et al (2022) Survival of infants treated with CKRT: comparing adapted adult platforms with the Carpediem. Pediatr Nephrol 37(3):667\u2013675","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"5318_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battista J, De Luca D, Eleni Dit Trolli S, Allard L, Bacchetta J, Bouhamri N et al (2023) CARPEDIEM(R) for continuous kidney replacement therapy in neonates and small infants: a French multicenter retrospective study. Pediatr Nephrol\u00a0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05871-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03200906","volume":"2","author":"JM Symons","year":"2007","unstructured":"Symons JM, Chua AN, Somers MJ, Baum MA, Bunchman TE, Benfield MR et al (2007) Demographic characteristics of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy: a report of the prospective pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy registry. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(4):732\u2013738","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-010-1858-9","volume":"36","author":"MJ Santiago","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santiago MJ, Lopez-Herce J, Urbano J, Solana MJ, del Castillo J, Ballestero Y et al (2010) Clinical course and mortality risk factors in critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 36(5):843\u2013849","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5318_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001024","volume":"18","author":"SJ Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi SJ, Ha EJ, Jhang WK, Park SJ (2017) Factors associated with mortality in continuous renal replacement therapy for pediatric patients with acute kidney injury. Pediatr Crit Care Med 18(2):e56\u2013e61","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5318_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.299","volume":"87","author":"JW Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang JW, Jeng MJ, Yang LY, Chen TJ, Chiang SC, Soong WJ et al (2015) The epidemiology and prognostic factors of mortality in critically ill children with acute kidney injury in Taiwan. Kidney Int 87(3):632\u2013639","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"5318_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.10.048","volume":"59","author":"C Mammen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mammen C, Al Abbas A, Skippen P, Nadel H, Levine D, Collet JP et al (2012) Long-term risk of CKD in children surviving episodes of acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 59(4):523\u2013530","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"5318_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-184","volume":"15","author":"JH Greenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Greenberg JH, Coca S, Parikh CR (2014) Long-term risk of chronic kidney disease and mortality in children after acute kidney injury: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol 15:184","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5318_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020111665","volume":"32","author":"CH Robinson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinson CH, Jeyakumar N, Luo B, Wald R, Garg AX, Nash DM et al (2021) Long-term kidney outcomes following dialysis-treated childhood acute kidney injury: a population-based cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 32(8):2005\u20132019","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"5318_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson CH, Klowak JA, Jeyakumar N, Luo B, Wald R, Garg AX et al (2023) Long-term health care utilization and associated costs after dialysis-treated acute kidney injury in children. Am J Kidney Dis 81(1):79\u201389 e1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.07.005"},{"issue":"5","key":"5318_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09350817","volume":"13","author":"E Hessey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hessey E, Morissette G, Lacroix J, Perreault S, Samuel S, Dorais M et al (2018) Healthcare utilization after acute kidney injury in the pediatric intensive care unit. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 13(5):685\u2013692","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05318-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05318-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05318-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T07:11:50Z","timestamp":1709536310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05318-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["5318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-023-05318-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2023","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2023","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2023","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}