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This is a population-based\u00a0study including all Norwegian infants born\u2009\u2265\u200936\u00a0weeks gestation between 1999 and 2014 and alive at 2\u00a0years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009866,232). Data was linked from five national health registries with follow-up through 2019. Perinatal asphyxia was defined as need for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and an Apgar 5-min score of 4\u20136 (moderate) or 0\u20133 (severe). We coined infants with seizures and an Apgar 5-min score\u2009&lt;\u20097 as neonatal encephalopathy with seizures. Infants who received therapeutic hypothermia were considered to have moderate-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). The reference group for comparisons were non-admitted infants with Apgar 5-min score\u2009\u2265\u20097. We used logistic regression models and present data as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The aOR for hearing impairment was increased in all infants admitted to NICU: moderate asphyxia aOR 2.2 (95% CI 1.7\u20132.9), severe asphyxia aOR 5.2 (95% CI 3.6\u20137.5), neonatal encephalopathy with seizures aOR 7.0 (95% CI 2.6\u201319.0), and moderate-severe HIE aOR 10.7 (95% CI 5.3\u201322.0). However, non-admitted infants with Apgar 5-min scores\u2009&lt;\u20097 did not have increased OR of hearing impairment. The aOR for hearing impairment for individual Apgar 5-min scores in NICU infants increased with decreasing Apgar scores and was 13.6 (95% CI 5.9\u201331.3) when the score was 0.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: An Apgar 5-min score\u2009&lt;\u20097 in combination with NICU admission is an independent risk factor for hearing impairment. Children with moderate-severe HIE had the highest risk for hearing impairment.\n<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Perinatal asphyxia and neonatal encephalopathy are associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 The strength of the association, and how other co-morbidities affect the risk of hearing impairment, is poorly defined.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Among neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), decreased Apgar 5-min scores, and increased severity of neonatal encephalopathy, were associated with a gradual rise in risk of hearing impairment.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Neonates with an Apgar 5-min score 7, but without NICU admission, did not have an increased risk of hearing impairment.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05321-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T09:05:24Z","timestamp":1700643924000},"page":"1163-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hearing impairment after asphyxia and neonatal encephalopathy: a Norwegian population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Dagny","family":"Hemmingsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dag","family":"Moster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Engdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Klingenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5321_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Coulter DK, Mehl AL (1998) Language of early-and later-identified children with hearing loss. 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