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Over the past three decades, conjugate vaccines have successfully reduced the burden of the former main causes of CAP, <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> type b. Today, viruses are by far the most commonly detected pathogens in children with CAP.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>\u00a0 Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: New insights into the aetiology and treatment of CAP in children in recent years have influenced management and are the focus of this review. In addition to reducing diagnostic uncertainty, there is an urgent need to reduce antibiotic overuse and antimicrobial resistance in children with CAP.<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b have shifted the epidemiology of childhood CAP to predominantly viral pathogens and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Clinical, laboratory, and radiological criteria cannot reliably distinguish between bacterial and viral aetiology in children with CAP.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Test results and epidemiological data must be carefully interpreted, as no single diagnostic method applied to non-pulmonary specimens has both high sensitivity and high specificity for determining pneumonia aetiology in childhood CAP.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 This review provides a simple and pragmatic management algorithm for children with CAP to aid physicians in providing optimal and safe care and reducing antibiotic prescribing.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05366-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T10:02:26Z","timestamp":1702980146000},"page":"1129-1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Childhood community-acquired pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4312-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Meyer Sauteur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5366_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","volume":"372","author":"S Jain","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, Ampofo K, Bramley AM, Reed C, Stockmann C, Anderson EJ, Grijalva CG, Self WH et al (2015) Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. 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This review includes recommendations by the IDSA [], BTS [], and the joint German, Swiss, and Austrian guideline about the management of paediatric CAP (AWMF S2k Guideline 048\/013, 2023, in press).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}