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We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study including ELBW infants followed-up for up to 10\u00a0years after discharge. EAR was defined as occurring before 5\u00a0years of age. A multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate maternal and perinatal variables independently associated with EAR. Out of 212 ELBW infants included in the analysis, 40.6% developed EAR and 21.5% showed it before 4\u00a0years of age. Only formula milk feeding at discharge was independently associated with a higher risk of EAR. The mean BMI of children with EAR was higher than that of children without EAR. Furthermore, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in the EAR group than in the timely AR group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>\u00a0 Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: ELBW infants in our cohort developed EAR in a relatively high percentage of cases. In this already at-risk population, EAR may represent a further risk factor for an adverse metabolic outcome. Monitoring preterm infants\u2019 growth within a long-term follow-up program and promoting and supporting human milk feeding is advisable.\n<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 Preterm-born infants are at high risk for long-term adverse health outcomes, especially cardiovascular and metabolic.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 The occurrence of early adiposity rebound (EAR) is associated with the risk of later obesity and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td colspan=\"2\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u2022 The occurrence of EAR in ELBW infants may represent an additional risk factor for later adverse metabolic outcomes in an already vulnerable population.<\/jats:italic><jats:italic>\u2022 Future preventive strategies should include a long-term follow-up and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-023-05374-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]],"date-time":"2023-12-19T11:02:10Z","timestamp":1702983730000},"page":"1295-1303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exclusive human milk feeding and prevalence of early adiposity rebound in ELBW infants: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Cerasani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Consales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Gangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Morniroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Vizzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Tiraferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Petrelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Mosca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Lorella","family":"Giann\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5374_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2018.04.003","volume":"52","author":"JP Vogel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vogel JP, Chawanpaiboon S, Moller A-B et al (2018) The global epidemiology of preterm birth. 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