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The seasonal management of VKC can be challenging, especially when specialists with different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches need to be consulted. The aim of this expert panel was to reach a national consensus among pediatric allergologists and ophthalmologists on the diagnosis and treatment of VKC. This consensus was developed by an expert panel of 17 Italian pediatric allergologists and ophthalmologists with over a decade of experience. Ten statements on VKC diagnosis and treatment formulated after a thorough review of current literature were evaluated by the panelists. The level of agreement was quantitatively assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Consensus was reached if\u2009\u2265\u200975.0% of panelists agreed to any given statement. The consensus emphasizes the importance of evaluation by multispecialty reference centers or experienced specialists for accurate diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis, especially during active phases, is crucial and should occur before corticosteroid therapy. The Bonini score from 2007 is the preferred tool for VKC assessment, although future revisions may be considered. Short cycles of topical corticosteroids should be preferred over prolonged use, even during immunomodulatory therapy. When cyclosporine fails, tacrolimus should be considered. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: This is the first consensus on the management of VKC that has gathered the expert opinions of both pediatricians and ophthalmologists. The outcome of this multidisciplinary effort provides a uniform approach to VKC diagnosis and treatment, thereby facilitating patient management across the country. \n<jats:table-wrap><jats:table><jats:tbody>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td align=\"left\"><jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\u2022 <jats:italic>Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic recurrent ocular disease particularly prevalent in the pediatric population.<\/jats:italic>\u2022 <jats:italic>Despite its relevance, there is a lack of standardized approaches shared between pediatricians and ophthalmologists, leading to notable variations in clinical practice.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                    <jats:tr>\n                      <jats:td align=\"left\"><jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\u2022 <jats:italic>This expert panel, comprising 17 pediatric allergologists and ophthalmologists, has reached a national consensus to provide standardized guidance for VKC management.<\/jats:italic>\u2022 <jats:italic>The consensus emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to managing VKC, ensuring consistent and effective patient care.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:td>\n                    <\/jats:tr>\n                  <\/jats:tbody><\/jats:table><\/jats:table-wrap><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05776-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T07:02:29Z","timestamp":1727334149000},"page":"5053-5061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Seeing eye to eye: a modified Delphi method-based multidisciplinary expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Daniele Giovanni","family":"Ghiglioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Bruschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Chiappini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Consales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Allegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Aragona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gian Luigi","family":"Marseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Nebbioso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Osnaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ugo","family":"Procoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Zicari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Miraglia Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"5776_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(00)00092-0","volume":"107","author":"S Bonini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonini S, Bonini S, Lambiase A et al (2000) Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term followup. 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Ghiglioni, Gaia Bruschi, Elena Chiappini, Alessandra Consales, Pia Allegri, Pasquale Aragona, Stefano Bonini, Fabio Cardinale, Massimo Landi, Gian Luigi Marseglia, Francesca Mori, Marcella Nebbioso, Paolo Nucci, Silvia Osnaghi, Ugo Procoli, Edoardo Villani, Anna Maria Zicari, Michele Miraglia Del Giudice declare no conflict of interest. Roberto Caputo declares conflict of interest with Medivis, Alfa Intes and Santen. Andrea Leonardi declares the following financial interests or relationships: Alcon Laboratories, Inc.: Lecture Fees; Astra Zeneca: Consultant\/Advisor; Faes Farma: Consultant\/Advisor, Lecture Fees\/Speakers Bureau; Fidia: Lecture Fees; NexEos: Consultant; Santen, Inc.: Consultant\/Advisor, Lecture Fees\/Speakers Bureau; Seqirus: Lecture Fees; SIFI: Lecture Fees; THEA: Consultant\/Advisor; URSA Pharma: Lecture Fees.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}