{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:46:01Z","timestamp":1777610761661,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007041","name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>This study assessed the dietary intake of European children by country, gender, and obesity degree across six European countries participating in the Feel4Diabetes study. It also compared food group intakes with European food-based dietary guidelines. The Feel4Diabetes study included 9,847 children (50.4% girls) from six European countries. Families provided baseline data on energy balance-related behaviors and socioeconomic factors via questionnaires. Children\u2019s dietary intake and breakfast consumption were assessed using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements were taken. Intake from 11 food groups was analyzed by country, gender, and obesity degree. Chi-square analyses compared food intake with dietary guidelines. \u201cNutrient-dense \" foods (e.g., fruits, vegetables, whole grains) and \"energy-dense, low-nutrient\" foods (e.g., high in added sugars, saturated fats) were categorized based on the European food-based guideline. Over 85% of children consumed breakfast 5\u20137\u00a0days a week, with no significant differences by Body Mass Index (BMI) or country. Mean intakes of nutrient-dense food groups fell below recommendations, while the intake of energy-dense, low-nutrient foods exceeded limits, particularly in children with overweight\/obesity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.048). No significant gender differences were observed in most food groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>:\u00a0Dietary intake varied by country and obesity degree among European children. Across the six countries, children\u2019s diets did not align with food-based dietary guidelines. These findings underscore the need for interventions promoting healthier eating habits among European children.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:italic>Trial registration<\/jats:italic>: The Feel4Diabetes-study is registered with the clinical trials registry (NCT02393872),\u00a0<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:table-wrap>\n              <jats:table>\n                <jats:tbody>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                      <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\u2022 <jats:italic>Childhood obesity is a growing concern across Europe, with some variations in food consumption observed between European countries<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\u2022 <jats:italic>Previous studies have highlighted the role of diet in childhood obesity, but few have examined cross-country comparisons while accounting for gender and BMI status.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                      <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\u2022 <jats:italic>This study provides a comprehensive cross-country analysis of children's dietary intake, considering gender, BMI status, and adherence to European dietary guidelines.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\u2022 <jats:italic>New insights into gender differences in sweets consumption and the positive association between BMI and food intake (such as soft drinks and sweets) are presented, which can inform targeted dietary interventions.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                <\/jats:tbody>\n              <\/jats:table>\n            <\/jats:table-wrap>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06037-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T23:07:16Z","timestamp":1740697636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A snapshot of country-specific dietary habits and obesity in European children: the Feel4Diabetes study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Lubna","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soukaina","family":"Hilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imre","family":"Rurik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Iotova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuliya","family":"Bazdarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roumyana","family":"Dimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Manios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther M.","family":"Gonzalez-Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Feel4Diabetes-Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Civeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"De Miguel-Etayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Miguel-Berges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Legarre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paloma","family":"Flores-Barrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleli M.","family":"Ayala-Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Seral-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Baila-Rueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cenarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Est\u00edbaliz","family":"Jarauta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Mateo-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Timpel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timea","family":"Ungvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Jancs\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"N\u00e1n\u00e1si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Kolozsv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"Sem\u00e1nova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9va","family":"B\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emese","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndorn\u00e9","family":"Rad\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remberto","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsvetalina","family":"Tankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Usheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaloyan","family":"Tsochev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Chakarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonya","family":"Galcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yana","family":"Bachata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaneta","family":"Radkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanya","family":"Marinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya","family":"Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Karatzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odysseas","family":"Androutsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Moschonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Kanellakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Mavrogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Tsoutsoulopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Katsarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Karaglani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Qira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efstathios","family":"Skoufas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Maragkopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antigone","family":"Tsiafitsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irini","family":"Sotiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Tsolakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Argyri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Nikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleni-Anna","family":"Vampouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Filippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Apergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Filippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gatsiou","family":"Katerina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Efstratios","family":"Dimitriadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Makrilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Liatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Dafoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina-Paulina","family":"Lambrinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angeliki","family":"Giannopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Laatikainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Wikstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jemina","family":"Kivel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e4ivi","family":"Valve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esko","family":"Lev\u00e4lahti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eeva","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Pennanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seija","family":"lli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karoliina","family":"Nelimarkka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winne","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Karuranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"6037_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194180","volume":"15","author":"M Allman-Farinelli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allman-Farinelli M (2023) Nutritional strategies to prevent weight gain and obesity. Nutrients 15(19):4180","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR2","unstructured":"WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) (2018\u20132020) Report on the fifth round of data collection. Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-EURO-2022-6594-46360-67071. Accessed 23 June 2024"},{"key":"6037_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lister NB, Baur LA, Felix JF, Hill AJ, Marcus C, Reinehr T, Summerbell C, Wabitsch M (2023) Child and adolescent obesity. Nat Rev Dis Primers 9(1):24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00435-4"},{"key":"6037_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12510","volume":"29","author":"SM Fruh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fruh SM (2017) Obesity: risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 29:S3\u2013S14","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Nurse Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"6037_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020334","volume":"12","author":"H Cena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cena H, Calder PC (2020) Defining a healthy diet: evidence for the role of contemporary dietary patterns in health and disease. Nutrients 12(2):334","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR6","volume":"10","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang K, Niu Y, Lu Z, Duo B, Effah CY, Guan L (2023) The effect of breakfast on childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 10:1222536","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6037_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.141","volume":"38","author":"G Tognon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tognon G, Moreno LA, Mouratidou T, Veidebaum T, Moln\u00e1r D, Russo P, Siani A et al (2014) IDEFICS consortium. Adherence to a mediterranean-like dietary pattern in children from eight European countries. The IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond) 38(2):S108\u2013S114","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"6037_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082481","volume":"12","author":"J Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams J, Buoncristiano M, Nardone P, Rito AI, Spinelli A, Hejgaard T et al (2020) A snapshot of European children\u2019s eating habits: results from the fourth round of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). Nutrients 12(8):2481","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"6037_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040984","volume":"15","author":"V Jaeger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jaeger V, Koletzko B, Luque V, Gruszfeld D, Verduci E, Xhonneux A, Grote V (2023) Eating frequency in European children from 1 to 96 months of age: results of the childhood obesity project study. Nutrients 15(4):984","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060706","volume":"10","author":"S Scaglioni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, Parazzini F, Brambilla P, Agostoni C (2018) Factors influencing children\u2019s eating behaviours. Nutrients 10:706","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy033","volume":"9","author":"A Bechthold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bechthold A, Boeing H, Tetens I, Schwingshackl L, N\u00f6thlings U (2018) Perspective: food-based dietary guidelines in Europe-scientific concepts, current status, and perspectives. Adv Nutr 9:544\u2013560","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"6037_CR12","unstructured":"The European commission's science and knowledge service food-based dietary guidelines in Europe. https:\/\/knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu\/health-promotion-knowledge-gateway\/topic\/food-based-dietary-guidelines-europe_en. Accessed 26 June 2024"},{"issue":"17","key":"6037_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018002136","volume":"21","author":"Y Manios","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manios Y, Androutsos O, Lambrinou CP, Cardon G, Lindstrom J, Annemans L et al (2018) A school- and community-based intervention to promote healthy lifestyle and prevent type 2 diabetes in vulnerable families across Europe: design and implementation of the Feel4Diabetes-study. Public Health Nutr 21(17):3281\u20133290","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"6037_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anastasiou CA, Fappa E, Zachari K, Mavrogianni C, Van Stappen V, Kivel\u00e4 J, Virtanen E, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil EM, Flores-Barrantes P, N\u00e1n\u00e1si A, Sem\u00e1nov\u00e1 C, Dimova R, Usheva N, Iotova V, Cardon G, Manios Y, Makrilakis K, Feel4Diabetes-study group (2020) Development and reliability of questionnaires for the assessment of diet and physical activity behaviors in a multi-country sample in Europe the Feel4Diabetes Study. BMC Endocr Disord 20(1):135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0469-x"},{"issue":"4","key":"6037_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x","volume":"7","author":"TJ Cole","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cole TJ, Lobstein T (2012) Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes 7(4):284\u2013294","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"6037_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.43","volume":"68","author":"M Piqueras","year":"2014","unstructured":"Piqueras M, Campoy C, Miranda M, Emmett P (2014) Comparison of childhood size and dietary differences at age 4 years between three European countries. Eur J Clin Nutr 68:786\u2013792","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6037_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030720","volume":"13","author":"N Gim\u00e9nez-Legarre","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gim\u00e9nez-Legarre N, Santaliestra-Pas\u00edas AM, Cardon G, Imre R, Iotova V, Kivel\u00e4 J, Liatis S, Makrilakis K, Mavrogianni C, Milenkovic T, N\u00e1n\u00e1si A, Tankova T, Timpel P, Willems R, Manios Y, Moreno LA, On Behalf of The Feel Diabetes-Study Group (2021) Cross-sectional associations between mothers and children\u2019s breakfast routine-the feel4diabetes-study. Nutrients 13(3):720","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020387","volume":"11","author":"A Monzani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Monzani A, Ricotti R, Caputo M, Solito A, Archero F, Bellone S, Prodam F (2019) A systematic review of the association of skipping breakfast with weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. What should we better investigate in the future? Nutrients 11:387","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood L, Flores-Barrantes P, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM (2021) The Influence of parental dietary behaviors and practices on children's eating habits. Nutrients 13(4):1138","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041138"},{"key":"6037_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood L, Moreno LA, Flores-Barrantes P, Mavrogianni C, Schwarz P, Makrilakis K, Liatis S, Cardon G, Willems R, Rurik I, Rad\u00f3 S, Tankova T, Iotova V, Usheva N, Manios Y, Gonzalez-Gil EM; Feel4Diabetes-Study Group (2022) Parental food consumption and diet quality and its association with children\u2019s food consumption in families at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the Feel4Diabetes-study. Public Health Nutr 25(12):1\u201312","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022002245"},{"key":"6037_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmood L, Gonz\u00e1lez-Gil EM, Schwarz P, Herrmann S, Karaglani E, Cardon G, De Vylder F, Willems R, Makrilakis K, Liatis S, Iotova V, Tsochev K, Tankova T, Rurik I, Rad\u00f3 S, Moreno LA, Manios Y, Feel4Diabetes-Study Group (2022) Frequency of family meals and food consumption in families at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the Feel4Diabetes-study. Eur J Pediatr 181(6):2523\u20132534","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04445-4"},{"key":"6037_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardullo S, Salvatore MA, Mandolini D, Spinelli A, Bucciarelli M, Andreozzi S, Buoncristiano M, Nardone P on behalf of the 2008\/9\u20132019 OKkio alla SALUTE Group (2023) Trend in Breakfast Consumption among Primary School Children in Italy. Nutrients 15(21):4632","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214632"},{"issue":"4","key":"6037_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034742","volume":"7","author":"J Brug","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brug J, van Stralen MM, Te Velde SJ, Chinapaw MJ, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lien N et al (2012) Differences in weight status and energy-balance related behaviors among schoolchildren across Europe: the ENERGY-project. PLoS ONE 7(4):e34742","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6037_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105283","volume":"165","author":"D Craveiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Craveiro D, Marques S, Zv\u011b\u0159inov\u00e1 I, M\u00e1ca V, \u0160\u010dasn\u00fd M, Chiabai A, Suarez C, Martinez-Juarez P, Garc\u00eda de Jal\u00f3n S, Quiroga S, Taylor T (2021) Explaining inequalities in fruit and vegetable intake in Europe: The role of capabilities, opportunities and motivations. Appetite 165:105283","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"ckac129","key":"6037_CR25","first-page":"514","volume":"3","author":"A Amaral","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amaral A, Carvalho A, Lima J (2022) Consumption of legumes in children from 3 to 6 years \u2013 evaluation of an intervention program. Eur J Public Health 3(ckac129):514","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"6037_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1150627","volume":"10","author":"S Charneca","year":"2023","unstructured":"Charneca S, Gomes AI, Branco D, Guerreiro T, Barros L, Sousa J (2023) Intake of added sugar, fruits, vegetables, and legumes of Portuguese preschool children: baseline data from smartFeeding4Kids randomized controlled trial participants. Front Nutr 10:1150627","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"6037_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1348456","volume":"11","author":"A Feraco","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feraco A, Armani A, Amoah I, Guseva E, Camajani E, Gorini S, Strollo R, Padua E, Caprio M, Lombardo M (2024) Assessing gender differences in food preferences and physical activity: a population-based survey. Front Nutr 11:1348456","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"6037_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.07.012","volume":"110","author":"CE O\u2019Neil","year":"2010","unstructured":"O\u2019Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Zanovec M, Cho S (2010) Whole grain consumption is associated with diet quality and nutrient intake in adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999\u20132004. J Am Diet Assoc 110:1461\u20131468","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"15","key":"6037_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153343","volume":"15","author":"M Abdoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdoli M, Scotto Rosato M, Cipriano A, Napolano R, Cotrufo P, Barberis N, Cella S (2023) Affect, body, and eating habits in children: a systematic review. Nutrients 15(15):3343","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Moncada R, Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela M, Avecilla-Ben\u00edtez \u00c1, Norte Navarro A, Olmedo-Requena R, Amezcua-Prieto C, Cancela JM, Bl\u00e1zquez Abell\u00e1n G, Mateos-Campos R, Valero Juan LF, Redondo Mart\u00edn S, Alonso-Molero J, Molina de la Torre AJ, Llopis-Morales A, Peraita-Costa I, Fern\u00e1ndez-Villa T, de Investigaci\u00f3n G, UniHcos (2019) Factors Associated with Meat Consumption in Students of Spanish Universities: UniHcos Project. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(20):3924","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203924"},{"key":"6037_CR31","unstructured":"Saarni K, Honkanen A, Set\u00e4l\u00e4 J (2008). Factors affecting fish consumption in finnish catering outlets. Available: https:\/\/ir.library.oregonstate.edu\/downloads\/sn009z60w. Accessed 27 May 2024"},{"key":"6037_CR32","first-page":"119","volume":"30","author":"R Nicolau-Nos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nicolau-Nos R, Pujol-Andreu J, Hern\u00e1ndez I (2020) Milk, social acceptance of a new food in Europe: Catalonia, 19th-20th centuries. Dynamis 30:119\u2013139","journal-title":"Dynamis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6037_CR33","first-page":"676","volume":"8","author":"E Magriplis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magriplis E, Michas G, Petridi E et al (2021) Dietary sugar intake and its association with obesity in children and adolescents. Children (Basel) 8(8):676","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"issue":"9","key":"6037_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa140","volume":"4","author":"AM J\u00fastiz","year":"2020","unstructured":"J\u00fastiz AM, Landry MJ, Asigbee FM et al (2020) Associations between child and parent knowledge of added sugar recommendations and added sugar intake in multiethnic elementary-aged children. Curr Dev Nutr 4(9):1\u20138","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"6037_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2348","volume":"118","author":"TM O\u2019Connor","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor TM, Yang SJ, Nicklas TA (2006) Beverage intake among preschool children and its effect on weight status. Pediatrics 118(4):e1010\u2013e1018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"6037_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki005","volume":"15","author":"CA Vereecken","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vereecken CA, Inchley J, Subramanian SV, Hublet A, Maes L (2005) The relative influence of individual and contextual socio-economic status on consumption of fruit and soft drinks among adolescents in Europe. Eur J Public Health 15(3):224\u2013232","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"6037_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081772","volume":"11","author":"S Gonzalez-Palacios","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Palacios S, Navarrete-Mu\u00f1oz EM, Garc\u00eda-de-la-Hera M, Torres-Collado L, Santa-Marina L, Amiano P, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Tardon A, Riano-Galan I, Vrijheid M, Sunyer J, Vioque J (2019) Sugar-containing beverages consumption and obesity in children Aged 4\u20135 Years in Spain: the INMA study. Nutrients 11(8):1772","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linardakis M, Sarri K, Pateraki MS, Sbokos M, Kafatos A (2008) Sugar-added beverages consumption among kindergarten children of Crete: effects on nutritional status and risk of obesity. BMC Public Health 2008(8):279","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-279"},{"key":"6037_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-87","volume":"8","author":"PM Clifton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clifton PM, Chan L, Moss CL, Cobiac L (2011) Beverage intake and obesity in Australian children. Nutr Metab (Lond) 8:87","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)"},{"key":"6037_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckv012","volume":"25","author":"C Vereecken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vereecken C, Pedersen TP, Ojala K, Kr\u00f8lner R, Dzielska A, Ahluwalia N, Giacchi M, Kelly C (2015) Fruit and vegetable consumption trends among adolescents from 2002 to 2010 in 33 countries. Eur J Public Health 25:16\u201319","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"6037_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070428","volume":"8","author":"RA Goldbohm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goldbohm RA, Rubingh CM, Lanting CI, Joosten KF (2016) Food consumption and nutrient intake by children Aged 10 to 48 months attending day care in the Netherlands. Nutrients 8(7):428","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6037_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-017-0196-5","volume":"3","author":"C Lage Barbosa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lage Barbosa C, Brettschneider AK, Haftenberger M, Lehmann F, Frank M, Heide K, Patelakis E, Perlitz H, Krause L, Houben R, Butschalowsky HG, Richter A, Kamtsiuris P, Mensink GBM (2017) Comprehensive assessment of food and nutrient intake of children and adolescents in Germany: EsKiMo II - the eating study as a KiGGS module. BMC Nutr 3:75","journal-title":"BMC Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6037_CR43","volume":"20","author":"D Turck","year":"2022","unstructured":"Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhauser-Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Siani A, Stern M, Tom\u00e9 D, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Wolfram G, Engel KH (2022) Tolerable upper intake level for dietary sugars. EFSA J 20(2):e07074","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6037_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000826","volume":"61","author":"FF Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang FF, Roberts SB, Must A, Wong WW, Gilhooly CH, Kelly MJ, Parsons SK, Saltzman E (2015) Assessing dietary intake in childhood cancer survivors: food frequency questionnaire versus 24-hour diet recalls. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 61(4):499\u2013502","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6037_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.30722\/anzjes.vol8.iss1.15155","volume":"8","author":"L Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson L, Benbow HM, Manzin G (2021) Europe on a plate: food, identity and cultural diversity in contemporary Europe. Australian New Zealand J European Stud 8(1):1\u201315","journal-title":"Australian New Zealand J European Stud"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06037-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06037-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06037-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T13:03:02Z","timestamp":1743080582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06037-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["6037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06037-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 February 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study followed the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committees of Spain (code: CP03\/2016), Greece (code: 46\/3\u20134-2015), Finland (code: 174\/1801\/2015), Belgium (code: B670201524237), Bulgaria (code: 52\/10\u20133-201r), and Hungary (code: 20095\/2016\/EKU).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"214"}}