{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:43:58Z","timestamp":1778154238034,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Karadeniz Technical University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Assessment of beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has important implications in both clinical and research settings. Studies demonstrating the extent to which puberty influences C-peptide levels are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pubertal stage, along with age and body mass index (BMI), on multiple C-peptide measures at T1D diagnosis. This study included 275 consecutive children aged between 1 and 18 years with newly diagnosed T1D. Fasting, prandial, and area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide, estimated using fasting and prandial C-peptide levels, were analyzed. Generalized linear regression models were utilized. Median age at diagnosis was 7.9 (1.1\u201317.3) years, and mean BMI standard deviation score (SDS) was\u2009\u2212\u20090.4\u2009\u00b1\u20091.4. Of the patients, 66% were prepubertal. Median fasting and prandial C-peptide levels at diagnosis were 0.26 (0.05\u20131.8) ng\/mL and 0.43 (0.05\u20133) ng\/mL, respectively. Fasting C-peptide was almost perfectly correlated with prandial C-peptide (r<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.80, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Fasting, prandial, and AUC C-peptide were positively related with BMI SDS, age, and pubertal stage at diagnosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for all). All the associations persisted when the variables were included as independent variables in regression models. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>: Pubertal stage significantly and independently impacts C-peptide levels at T1D diagnosis along with body mass index and age. The adjustments demonstrating the extent to which puberty influences C-peptide levels in new-onset T1D are presented. Our observations underline the existence of distinct endotypes of T1D characterized by differing immunopathological courses.<jats:table-wrap>\n              <jats:table>\n                <jats:tbody>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                      <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\u2022 <jats:italic>Throughout the evaluation of beta-cell function at T1D diagnosis, it is essential to consider the factors influencing C-peptide levels.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                      <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                  <jats:tr>\n                    <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\u2022 <jats:italic>While age and BMI at diagnosis are associated with beta-cell function, our findings set the stage for a greater understanding of the disease process with additional findings regarding puberty, supporting the existence of endotypes of T1D.<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:td>\n                  <\/jats:tr>\n                <\/jats:tbody>\n              <\/jats:table>\n            <\/jats:table-wrap>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06046-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T14:18:22Z","timestamp":1740838702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pubertal stage significantly and independently impacts C-peptide levels at type 1 diabetes diagnosis along with body mass index and age"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine Ay\u00e7a","family":"Cimbek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naz\u0131m Erc\u00fcment","family":"Beyhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00fclay","family":"Karag\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"6046_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4722-z","volume":"62","author":"JM Wentworth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wentworth JM, Bediaga NG, Giles LC et al (2019) Beta cell function in type 1 diabetes determined from clinical and fasting biochemical variables. 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All procedures were done in agreement with Helsinki declaration for studies on human subjects.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"This retrospective study did not require written informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.\u00a0This study has been partly presented at the ESPE 2022 annual meeting. Horm Res Paediatr 2022;95(suppl 2): 88. .","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Permission to reproduce material from other sources"}}],"article-number":"219"}}