{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:34:24Z","timestamp":1790087664738,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]],"date-time":"2025-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06098-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T02:41:05Z","timestamp":1743302465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Overweight and obesity in early childhood and obesity at 10\u00a0years of age: a comparison of World Health Organization definitions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Andraea","family":"Van Hulst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Argiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Ybarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoff D. C.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kakinami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"6098_CR1","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017) Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390(10113): p. 2627\u20132642"},{"key":"6098_CR2","unstructured":"Statistics Canada (2019) Overweight and obesity based on measured body mass index, by age group and sex. Available from: https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1310037301. Accessed Sept 2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"6098_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E538","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20150108","volume":"4","author":"S Biro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biro S et al (2016) Prevalence of toddler, child and adolescent overweight and obesity derived from primary care electronic medical records: an observational study. CMAJ Open 4(3):E538\u2013E544","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12334","volume":"17","author":"M Simmonds","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simmonds M et al (2016) Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 17(2):95\u2013107","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"6098_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2019.0185","volume":"16","author":"AG Rundle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rundle AG et al (2020) Tracking of obesity in childhood into adulthood: effects on body mass index and fat mass index at age 50. Child Obes 16(3):226\u2013233","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"issue":"14","key":"6098_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1502821","volume":"373","author":"AC Skinner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Skinner AC et al (2015) Cardiometabolic risks and severity of obesity in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 373(14):1307\u20131317","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6098_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4691-z","volume":"17","author":"A Umer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Umer A et al (2017) Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 17(1):683","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/15.2.77","volume":"15","author":"Canadian Paediatric Society","year":"2010","unstructured":"Canadian Paediatric Society (2010) Promoting optimal monitoring of child growth in Canada: using the new World Health Organization growth charts - Executive Summary. Paediatr Child Health 15(2):77\u201383","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022060640","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2022-060640","volume":"151","author":"SE Hampl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hampl SE et al (2023) Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics 151(2):e2022060640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2022-060640","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"6098_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.141285","volume":"187","author":"Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care","year":"2015","unstructured":"Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (2015) Recommendations for growth monitoring, and prevention and management of overweight and obesity in children and youth in primary care. CMAJ 187(6):411\u2013421","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"6098_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3109\/17477161003615583","volume":"5","author":"M De Onis","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Onis M, Lobstein T (2010) Defining obesity risk status in the general childhood population: which cut-offs should we use? Int J Pediatr Obes 5(6):458\u2013460","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"6098_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922809356466","volume":"49","author":"JM Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee JM et al (2010) Don\u2019t children grow out of their obesity? Weight transitions in early childhood. Clin Pediatr 49(5):466\u2013469","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6098_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922815570579","volume":"54","author":"RG Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hernandez RG et al (2015) Predictors of favorable growth patterns during the obesity epidemic among US school children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 54(5):458\u2013468","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"6098_CR14","unstructured":"Jett\u00e9 M, Des Groseilliers L (2000) Survey description and methodology of the Longitudinal Study of Child Development in Qu\u00e9bec (ELDEQ 1998\u20132002), vol 1, no 1. Institut de la statistique du Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec"},{"issue":"5","key":"6098_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01972-z","volume":"56","author":"M Orri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Orri M et al (2021) Cohort profile: Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (QLSCD). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 56(5):883\u2013894","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"6098_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006) Growth reference data for 5\u201319 years. [cited 2022 August 20]; Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/tools\/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years. Accessed Sept 2024"},{"key":"6098_CR17","volume-title":"Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual","author":"TG Lohman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R (1998) Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. Human Kinetics Books, Chicago"},{"issue":"7","key":"6098_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218816","volume":"14","author":"KK Teo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Teo KK et al (2019) Associations of cardiometabolic outcomes with indices of obesity in children aged 5 years and younger. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0218816","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0149351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149351","volume":"11","author":"LB Sardinha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sardinha LB et al (2016) A comparison between BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio for identifying cardio-metabolic risk in children and adolescents. PLoS ONE 11(2):e0149351","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","volume":"6","author":"J Richardson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson J (2011) Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ Res Rev 6(2):135\u2013147","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"key":"6098_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.07.046","volume":"238","author":"JB Roberge","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roberge JB et al (2021) Body mass index z score vs weight-for-length z score in infancy and cardiometabolic outcomes at age 8\u201310 years. J Pediatr 238:208-214 e2","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"6098_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00867.x","volume":"12","author":"ZB Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu ZB et al (2011) Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 12(7):525\u2013542","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6098_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2018.23.1.4","volume":"23","author":"YH Hong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hong YH, Chung S (2018) Small for gestational age and obesity related comorbidities. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 23(1):4\u20138","journal-title":"Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20130","volume":"30","author":"YH Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong YH, Lee JE (2021) Large for gestational age and obesity-related comorbidities. J Obes Metab Syndr 30(2):124\u2013131","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"6098_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000184327.65102.a6","volume":"58","author":"M Lampl","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lampl M, Thompson AL, Frongillo EA (2005) Sex differences in the relationships among weight gain, subcutaneous skinfold tissue and saltatory length growth spurts in infancy. Pediatr Res 58(6):1238\u20131242","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6098_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3586D","volume":"124","author":"JH Himes","year":"2009","unstructured":"Himes JH (2009) Challenges of accurately measuring and using BMI and other indicators of obesity in children. Pediatrics 124(Suppl 1):S3-22","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6098_CR27","unstructured":"Institut de la statistique du Qu\u00e9bec (2017) Distribution of children aged 3 to 5 years by BMI category, Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), cycles 3 (2012\u20132013) and 4 (2014\u20132015) data. Available (in French) at: https:\/\/tout-petits.org\/donnees\/enfants\/problemes-de-sante\/obesite\/repartition-3-a-5-ans-selon-imc\/. Accessed Sept 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E351","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180174","volume":"7","author":"S Carsley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carsley S et al (2019) Temporal trends in severe obesity prevalence in children and youth from primary care electronic medical records in Ontario: a repeated cross-sectional study. CMAJ Open 7(2):E351\u2013E359","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"6098_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.122","volume":"168","author":"JM Hunger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hunger JM, Tomiyama AJ (2014) Weight labeling and obesity: a longitudinal study of girls aged 10 to 19 years. JAMA Pediatr 168(6):579\u2013580","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6098_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/1476718X11407411","volume":"10","author":"W Su","year":"2012","unstructured":"Su W, Aurelia DS (2012) Preschool children\u2019s perceptions of overweight peers. Journal of Early Childhood Research 10(1):19\u201331","journal-title":"Journal of Early Childhood Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.26502\/jppch.74050069","volume":"5","author":"B Jenull","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jenull B et al (2021) Weight-stigma and body satisfaction among preschool children. J Pediatr Perinatol Child Health 5(2):112\u2013125","journal-title":"J Pediatr Perinatol Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6098_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2009.07.013","volume":"49","author":"X Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang X et al (2009) High birth weight and overweight or obesity among Chinese children 3\u20136 years old. Prev Med 49(2):172\u2013178","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"Supplement 4","key":"6098_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S164","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2329C","volume":"120","author":"SE Barlow","year":"2007","unstructured":"Barlow SE et al (2007) Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics 120(Supplement 4):S164\u2013S192","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6098_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0599-5","volume":"16","author":"E Evensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evensen E et al (2016) Tracking of overweight and obesity from early childhood to adolescence in a population-based cohort \u2013 the Troms\u00f8 Study, Fit Futures. BMC Pediatr 16(1):64","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6098_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x","volume":"9","author":"AS Singh","year":"2008","unstructured":"Singh AS et al (2008) Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 9(5):474\u2013488","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"6098_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00316-4","volume":"13","author":"F Rubino","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rubino F et al (2025) Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 13(3):221\u2013262","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6098_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.05.016","volume":"27","author":"SA Cunningham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cunningham SA et al (2017) Entrenched obesity in childhood: findings from a national cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 27(7):435\u2013441","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"6098_CR38","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019) Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. World Health Organization, Geneva. Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241550536. Accessed Sept 2024"},{"issue":"S2","key":"6098_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S221","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2020.0139","volume":"16","author":"LAJ Scott-Sheldon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott-Sheldon LAJ et al (2020) Childhood Obesity Evidence Base Project: a systematic review and meta-analysis of a new taxonomy of intervention components to improve weight status in children 2\u20135 years of age, 2005\u20132019. Child Obes 16(S2):S221\u2013S248","journal-title":"Child Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"6098_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.08.006","volume":"120","author":"E Borghi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borghi E, Sachdev HS (2024) Should a single growth standard be used to judge the nutritional status of children under age 5 y globally? Debate consensus. Am J Clin Nutr 120(4):769\u2013772","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6098_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-63","volume":"11","author":"I Huybrechts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huybrechts I et al (2011) Validity of parent-reported weight and height of preschool children measured at home or estimated without home measurement: a validation study. BMC Pediatr 11(1):63","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06098-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06098-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06098-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T19:02:30Z","timestamp":1744743750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06098-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6098"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06098-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethics approval for the current analysis was obtained from the Concordia University Research Ethics Board (#30016558).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from parents at baseline and at each subsequent follow-up.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"No individual data is being presented in the manuscript. Participants have consented to the publication of aggregated data.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"270"}}