{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:21:15Z","timestamp":1792621275105,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The triglyceride\/glucose index (TyG index), a formula derived from fasting triglyceride (TG) and glucose levels, has emerged as a simple and reliable alternative marker for estimating insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to evaluate the potential utility of the TyG index in predicting different glucose disorders (GD) in obese and overweight children. This prospective study included 60 children aged 5 to 15\u00a0years with overweight or obesity. They were divided into two equal groups: Group 1 consisted of children with obesity (BMI\u2009&gt;\u200995th percentile), and Group 2 comprised overweight children (BMI 85th\u201495th percentile). The control group consisted of 30 healthy children with normal BMI, matched for age and sex. TG, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test, 2-h postprandial glucose, the TyG index, homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA-IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in all participating children. TG, HbA1c, FBG, and the TyG index were significantly elevated in both groups 1 and 2 compared with the control group. There was a strong positive correlation between TyG index and (HbA1C, FBG, HOMA IR, and 2-h postprandial glucose). The TyG index demonstrated a strong predictive ability for type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose, and IR with cut-off values of 4.57, 4.52, 4.43, and 4.34, respectively. These cut-off values were associated with sensitivities of 100%, 100%, 88.9%, and 71.4%, and specificities of 95.3%, 95.1%, 88.3%, and 100%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\u00a0The TyG index is a promising and reliable marker for detecting different glucose disorders in obese and overweight children.\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              \u2022\u00a0\n                              <jats:italic>The triglyceride\/glucose index (TyG index), a formula derived from fasting triglyceride (TG) and glucose levels, has emerged as a simple and reliable alternative marker for estimating insulin resistance (IR) in pediatrics and adults<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              \u2022\n                              <jats:italic>We investigated, for the first time, the potential utility of the TyG index in predicting different glucose disorders (GD) such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose as well as IR in obese and overweight children<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\u2022\n                              <jats:italic>We found that the TyG index is a promising and reliable marker for detecting different glucose disorders in obese and overweight children<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06632-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T01:32:41Z","timestamp":1764898361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The triglyceride glucose index as a biomarker for different glucose disorders in overweight and obese children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Ola","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lobna","family":"Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Erfan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radwa","family":"Elsharaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa","family":"El Amrousy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6632_CR1","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"JD Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi MA (2020) Prevention and management of childhood obesity and its psychological and health comorbidities. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 16(2):1\u20137","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6632_CR2","first-page":"6","volume":"15","author":"C St Pierre","year":"2022","unstructured":"St Pierre C, Ver Ploeg M, Dietz WH, Pryor S, Jakazi CS, Layman E, Noymer D, Coughtrey-Davenport T, Sacheck JM (2022) Food insecurity and childhood obesity: a systematic review. Pediatrics 15(1):6\u20139","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6632_CR3","first-page":"3","volume":"4","author":"L Al-Mansoori","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Mansoori L, Al-Jaber H, Prince MS, Elrayess MA (2022) Role of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and adipokines in adipogenesis and insulin resistance. Inflammation 4(1):3\u20134","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"6632_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2014.07.002","volume":"8","author":"IA Dubinina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dubinina IA, Chistiakov DA, Eremina IA, Brovkin AN, Zilberman LI, Nikitin AG, Kuraeva TL, Nosikov VV, Peterkova VA, Dedov II (2014) Studying progression from glucose intolerance to type 2 diabetes in obese children. Diabetes Metab Syndr 8(3):3\u20137","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"6632_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero (2008) The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 6(4):299\u2013304.","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0034"},{"issue":"10","key":"6632_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2019-0037","volume":"32","author":"JC Locateli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Locateli JC, Lopes WA, Sim\u00f5es CF, de Oliveira GH, Oltramari K, Bim RH, de Souza Mens VH, Remor JM, Lopera CA, Nardo Junior N (2019) Triglyceride\/glucose index is a reliable alternative marker for insulin resistance in South American overweight and obese children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 32(10):1163\u201370","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"6632_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03570-2","volume":"179","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Gamboa-G\u00f3mez CI, Aradillas-Garc\u00eda C, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F (2020) The triglyceride and glucose index is a useful biomarker to recognize glucose disorders in apparently healthy children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 179(6):953\u2013958","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6632_CR8","first-page":"153","volume":"67","author":"MB Reckziegel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reckziegel MB, Nepomuceno P, Machado T, Renner JDP, Pohl HH, Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, de Mello ED (2023) The triglyceride-glucose index as an indicator of insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in Brazilian adolescents. Arch Endocrinol Metab 67(2):153\u2013161","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7244","key":"6632_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240","volume":"320","author":"TJ Cole","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH (2000) Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 320(7244):1240\u20131243","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"6632_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2329D","volume":"120","author":"NF Krebs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krebs NF, Himes JH, Jacobson D, Nicklas TA, Guilday P, Styne D (2007) Assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity. Pediatrics 120(4):193\u2013228","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"6632_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2573","volume":"102","author":"DM Styne","year":"2017","unstructured":"Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, Farooqi IS, Murad MH, Silverstein JH, Yanovski JA (2017) Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102(3):709\u2013757. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-2573","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6632_CR12","unstructured":"Egyptian growth curve for boys and girls 2\u201321 years body mass index for age percentile. Diabetes and endocrine metabolism, Pediatric Unit Cairo University children hospital. Published November 28, 2008.\u00a0Available from http:\/\/dempuegypt.blogspot.com.eglast. Accessed 15 Mar 2024"},{"key":"6632_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00368","volume":"8","author":"AM El Shafie","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Shafie AM, El-Gendy FM, Allahony DM, Omar ZA, Samir MA, El-Bazzar AN, Abd El-Fattah MA, Abdel Monsef AA, Kairallah AM, Raafet HM, Baza GM, Salah AG, Galab WS, Kasemy ZA, Bahbah WA (2020) Establishment of Z score reference of growth parameters for Egyptian school children and adolescents aged from 5 to 19 years: a cross sectional study. Front Pediatr 8:368","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"6632_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.06.044","volume":"145","author":"GR Fernandez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fernandez GR, Redden DT, Pietrobella A, Allison DB (2004) Waist circumference percentiles in nationally representative samples of African American, European-American, and Mexican American children and adolescents. J Pediatr 145(4):439\u2013444","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"6632_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","volume":"42","author":"AV Chobanian","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT Jr, Roccella EJ (2003) Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42:1206\u20131252","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"6632_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2004.12.011","volume":"20","author":"B Pinyerd","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pinyerd B, Zipf WB (2005) Puberty-timing is everything! J Pediatr Nurs 20(2):75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedn.2004.12.011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"issue":"11","key":"6632_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3160","volume":"26","author":"S Genuth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Genuth S, Alberti KG, Bennett P, Buse J, Defronzo R, Kahn R, Kitzmiller J, Knowler WC, Lebovitz H, Lernmark A, Nathan D, Palmer J, Rizza R, Saudek C, Shaw J, Steffes M, Stern M, Tuomilehto J, Zimmet P, Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (2003) Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26(11):3160\u20133167","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6632_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2013) Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013.\u00a0Diabetes Care. 36 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S11-S66.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-S011"},{"issue":"5","key":"6632_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000171130.23441.59","volume":"8","author":"A Mari","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mari A, Ahr\u00e9n B, Pacini G (2005) Assessment of insulin secretion in relation to insulin resistance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8(5):529\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.mco.0000171130.23441.59","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"6632_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165820","volume":"1866","author":"A Jim\u00e9nez-Maldonado","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Maldonado A, Garc\u00eda-Su\u00e1rez PC, Renter\u00eda I, Moncada-Jim\u00e9nez J, Plaisance EP (2020) Impact of high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training on peripheral markers of glycemic control in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1866(8):165820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165820","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"6632_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.01.022","volume":"86","author":"D Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez D, S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo L, Pastrana-Delgado J, Fern\u00e1ndezMontero A, Martinez JA (2016) Triglyceride\u2013glucose index (TyG index) in comparison with fasting plasma glucose improved diabetes prediction in patients with normal fasting glucose: the vascular-metabolic CUN cohort. Prev Med 86:99\u2013105","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"6632_CR22","volume":"14","author":"S Kumari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumari S, Shukla S, Acharya S (2022) Childhood obesity: prevalence and prevention in modern society. Cureus 14(11):e31640","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"6632_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00031","volume":"7","author":"RR Das","year":"2020","unstructured":"Das RR, Mangaraj M, Panigrahi SK, Satapathy AK, Mahapatro S, Ray PS (2020) Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in schoolchildren from a developing country. Front Nutr 7(2):31","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"6632_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071493","volume":"12","author":"P Baneu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baneu P, V\u0103c\u0103rescu C, Dr\u0103gan S-R, Cirin L, Laz\u0103r-H\u00f6cher A-I, Cozgarea A, Faur-Grigori AA, Cri\u0219an S, Gai\u021b\u0103 D, Luca CT, Cozma D (2024) The triglyceride\/HDL ratio as a surrogate biomarker for insulin resistance. Biomedicines 12(7):1493","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"2","key":"6632_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020329","volume":"15","author":"P Mascarenhas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mascarenhas P, Furtado JM, Almeida SM, Ferraz ME, Ferraz FP, Oliveira P (2023) Pediatric overweight, fatness and risk for dyslipidemia are related to diet: a cross-sectional study in 9-year-old children. Nutrients 15(2):329","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"6632_CR26","volume":"15","author":"MA AlAteeq","year":"2023","unstructured":"AlAteeq MA, AlHusaini A, AlMalahi A, AlOtay F, AlTurki A, Alghafis A (2023) Glucose and lipid profiles of overweight and obese children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 15(5):e38902","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"4","key":"6632_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.05.020","volume":"13","author":"AG Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda AG, Urbina Trevi\u00f1o MV, Villalpando S\u00e1nchez DC, Aguilar CA (2019) Diagnostic accuracy of triglyceride\/glucose and triglyceride\/HDL index as predictors for insulin resistance in children with and without obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr 13(4):2329\u20132334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.05.020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"30","key":"6632_CR28","first-page":"25","volume":"66","author":"S Vera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vera S, Figueroa JT, Aranz\u00e1lez LH, Mockus I (2016) Nutritional status and cardiovascular risks in children of two schools in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. Arch Latinoam Nutr 66(30):25\u201333","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6632_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.12.012","volume":"34","author":"S Klein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-J\u00e4rvinen H, Scherer PE (2022) Why does obesity cause diabetes? Cell Metab 34(1):11\u201320","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"6632_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2012.603","volume":"32","author":"ME Zaki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zaki ME, Mohamed SK, Bahgat KA, Kholoussi SM (2012) Metabolic syndrome components in obese Egyptian children. Ann Saudi Med 32(6):603\u2013610","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"6632_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110608","volume":"71","author":"RDBC Chissini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chissini RDBC, Kuschnir MCC, de Oliveira CL, Giannini DT, Santos B (2020) Cutoff values for HOMA-IR associated with metabolic syndrome in the study of cardiovascular risk in adolescents (ERICA study). Nutrition 71:110608","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"3","key":"6632_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.v2i3.100","volume":"2","author":"S Kurto\u011flu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurto\u011flu S, Hatipo\u011flu N, Maz\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu M, Kendirici M, Keskin M, Kondolot M (2010) Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2(3):100\u2013106","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6632_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i4.282","volume":"13","author":"M Al-Beltagi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Beltagi M, Bediwy AS, Saeed NK (2022) Insulin-resistance in paediatric age: its magnitude and implications. World J Diabetes 13(4):282\u2013307","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"6632_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moran A, Jacobs D Jr, Steinberger J, Hong CP, Prineas R, Luepker R, Sinaiko AR (1999) Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children. Diabetes 48(10):2039\u20132044","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.10.2039"},{"issue":"11","key":"6632_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.11.2444","volume":"50","author":"MI Goran","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goran MI, Gower BA (2001) Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance. Diabetes 50(11):2444\u20132450","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6632_CR36","first-page":"172","volume":"80","author":"SH Travers","year":"1995","unstructured":"Travers SH, Jeffers BW, Bloch CA, Hill JO, Eckel RH (1995) Gender and Tanner stage differences in body composition and insulin sensitivity in early pubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80(1):172\u2013178","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"6632_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endinu.2020.08.008","volume":"68","author":"V S\u00e1nchez-Escudero","year":"2021","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Escudero V, Lacalle CG, Vergaz AG, Mateo LR, Cabrero AM (2021) The triglyceride\/glucose index as an insulin resistance marker in the pediatric population and its relation to eating habits and physical activity. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr 68(5):296\u2013303","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6632_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ21-0560","volume":"69","author":"JS Yoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoon JS, Lee HJ, Jeong HR, Shim YS, Kang MJ, Hwang IT (2022) Triglyceride glucose index is superior biomarker for predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. Endocr J 69(5):559\u2013565","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6632_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.11.030","volume":"13","author":"EK Hameed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hameed EK (2019) TyG index a promising biomarker for glycemic control in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 13(1):560\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.11.030","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6632_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2015.39.5.353","volume":"39","author":"KG Parhofer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parhofer KG (2015) Interaction between glucose and lipid metabolism: more than diabetic dyslipidemia. Diabetes Metab J 39(5):353\u2013362","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6632_CR41","first-page":"1","volume":"14","author":"L Rong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rong L, Hou N, Hu J, Gong Y, Yan S, Li C, Yang Z, Sun B (2023) The role of TyG index in predicting the incidence of diabetes in Chinese elderly men: a 20-year retrospective study. Front Endocrinol 14(6):1\u20139","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"50","key":"6632_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03570-2","volume":"179","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Gamboa-G\u00f3mez CI, Aradillas-Garc\u00eda C, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F (2020) The triglyceride and glucose index is a useful biomarker to recognize glucose disorders in apparently healthy children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 179(50):953\u2013958","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"6632_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02589-7","volume":"72","author":"Z Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhao L, He S (2021) Triglyceride\u2013glucose index as predictor for future type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Chinese population in southwest China: a 15-year prospective study. Endocrine 72:124\u2013131","journal-title":"Endocrine"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06632-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06632-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06632-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T06:42:50Z","timestamp":1768459370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06632-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06632-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 November 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study obtained ethical approval from the faculty of medicine\u2019s local Ethical Committee at Tanta University. The human subjects were enrolled following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Participants and their parents provided a written consent form.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"820"}}