{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:13:07Z","timestamp":1791472387160,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic respiratory morbidity following premature birth is associated with significant and long-standing complications affecting airway function, the lung parenchyma and cardiac morphology. The aim of this narrative review was to provide an update on the current evidence for the cardiorespiratory follow-up of extremely preterm infants, particularly those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There is currently wide variation in the frequency, components and duration in the follow-up of these infants and an absence of robust evidence to support specific recommendations. Follow-up is most commonly offered up to 2\u00a0years of age, and studies beyond this age primarily report spirometric indices to quantify lung function impairment and abnormal respiratory trajectories. Recent evidence has highlighted distinct phenotypes and the complex multisystem nature of respiratory disease following preterm birth, which includes patterns of persistent pulmonary vascular disease, abnormal parenchymal function and impaired cardiorespiratory fitness.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\u00a0We suggest that follow-up of these infants should extend in time to early adulthood and focus on capturing and describing not only lung function test abnormalities but also include pulmonary vascular disease, parenchymal disease and cardiorespiratory exercise testing with a view to identify individuals who would benefit most from targeted interventions based on the dominant pathophysiological process at an individual level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:table-wrap>\n                        <jats:table>\n                          <jats:tbody>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n                                <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Preterm birth is associated with significant respiratory morbidity lasting into childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>There is a lack of sufficient high-level evidence to inform how these infants should be followed up in childhood and beyond.<\/jats:italic>\n                                <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Other than lung function abnormalities, preterm-born children and adults have parenchymal lung damage, pulmonary vascular disease and exercise limitation.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Follow-up of individuals with significant neonatal respiratory disease should expand beyond early childhood and include more extensive cardiorespiratory assessments.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                          <\/jats:tbody>\n                        <\/jats:table>\n                      <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06713-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T21:58:17Z","timestamp":1767823097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Follow-up of neonatal chronic respiratory disease: an update based on the current evidence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Allan","family":"Jenkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Dassios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2014.10.027","volume":"52","author":"IT Jarjour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jarjour IT (2015) Neurodevelopmental outcome after extreme prematurity: a review of the literature. Pediatr Neurol 52(2):143\u2013152","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-321273","volume":"106","author":"LM Di Stefano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Stefano LM, Wood K, Mactier H, Bates SE, Wilkinson D (2021) Viability and thresholds for treatment of extremely preterm infants: survey of UK neonatal professionals. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106(6):596","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"6713_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.10.014","volume":"132","author":"R Kalikkot Thekkeveedu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalikkot Thekkeveedu R, Guaman MC, Shivanna B (2017) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a review of pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Respir Med 132:170\u2013177","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00272-2","volume":"12","author":"SJ Simpson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simpson SJ, Du Berry C, Evans DJ, Gibbons JTD, Volls\u00e6ter M, Halvorsen T et al (2024) Unravelling the respiratory health path across the lifespan for survivors of preterm birth. Lancet Respir Med 12(2):167\u2013180","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6713_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30064-6","volume":"2","author":"SJ Simpson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simpson SJ, Turkovic L, Wilson AC, Verheggen M, Logie KM, Pillow JJ et al (2018) Lung function trajectories throughout childhood in survivors of very preterm birth: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2(5):350\u2013359","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"6713_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01763-2022","author":"A Pulakka","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pulakka A, Risnes K, Mets\u00e4l\u00e4 J, Alenius S, Heikkil\u00e4 K, Nilsen SM et al (2023) Preterm birth and asthma and COPD in adulthood: a nationwide register study from two Nordic countries. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01763-2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"6713_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-2016OC","volume":"198","author":"KN Goss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goss KN, Beshish AG, Barton GP, Haraldsdottir K, Levin TS, Tetri LH et al (2018) Early pulmonary vascular disease in young adults born preterm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 198(12):1549\u20131558","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.2.272","volume":"95","author":"A Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson A (1995) Disability and perinatal care. Pediatrics 95(2):272\u2013274","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6713_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00643-2024","author":"A Bush","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bush A, Greenough A, Agust\u00ed A, Bianco F, Baraldi E (2024) Falling through the cracks: what happens to survivors of preterm birth? ERJ Open Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00643-2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad192","volume":"34","author":"A-V Sepp\u00e4nen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sepp\u00e4nen A-V, Barros H, Draper ES, Petrou S, Andronis L, Kim S et al (2023) Variation in follow-up for children born very preterm in Europe. Eur J Public Health 34(1):91\u2013100","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900788","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00788-2019","volume":"55","author":"L Duijts","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duijts L, van Meel ER, Moschino L, Baraldi E, Barnhoorn M, Bramer WM et al (2020) European Respiratory Society guideline on long-term management of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J 55(1):1900788","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"6713_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202110-2269ST","volume":"204","author":"AI Cristea","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cristea AI, Ren CL, Amin R, Eldredge LC, Levin JC, Majmudar PP et al (2021) Outpatient respiratory management of infants, children, and adolescents with post-prematurity respiratory disease: an official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 204(12):e115\u2013e133","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6713_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.043","volume":"197","author":"RD Higgins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Higgins RD, Jobe AH, Koso-Thomas M, Bancalari E, Viscardi RM, Hartert TV et al (2018) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: executive summary of a workshop. J Pediatr 197:300\u2013308","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"6713_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","volume":"163","author":"AH Jobe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jobe AH, Bancalari E (2001) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(7):1723\u20131729","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6713_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.04.026","volume":"187","author":"RL Keller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Keller RL, Feng R, DeMauro SB, Ferkol T, Hardie W, Rogers EE et al (2017) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and perinatal characteristics predict 1-year respiratory outcomes in newborns born at extremely low gestational age: a prospective cohort study. J Pediatr 187:89-97.e3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30108-7","volume":"3","author":"C Crump","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crump C, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K (2019) Gestational age at birth and mortality from infancy into mid-adulthood: a national cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 3(6):408\u2013417","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"6713_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04797-x","volume":"182","author":"L Bonadies","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bonadies L, Cavicchiolo ME, Priante E, Moschino L, Baraldi E (2023) Prematurity and BPD: what general pediatricians should know. Eur J Pediatr 182(4):1505\u20131516","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"6713_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.10.082","volume":"181","author":"SH Abman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abman SH, Collaco JM, Shepherd EG, Keszler M, Cuevas-Guaman M, Welty SE et al (2017) Interdisciplinary care of children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 181:12-28.e1","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"6713_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.09.018","volume":"253","author":"JC Levin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Levin JC, Annesi CA, Williams DN, Abman SH, McGrath-Morrow SA, Nelin LD et al (2023) Discharge practices for infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a survey of national experts. J Pediatr 253:72\u20138.e3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.27296","volume":"60","author":"PE Moore","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moore PE, Hayden LP, Villafranco NM, Toprak D, Rice JL, Rhein LM et al (2025) Outpatient clinical care for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a survey of the BPD collaborative. Pediatr Pulmonol 60(1):e27296","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx028","volume":"22","author":"SL Katz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katz SL, Luu TM, Nuyt AM, Lacaze T, Adamo KB, Adatia I et al (2017) Long-term follow-up of cardiorespiratory outcomes in children born extremely preterm: recommendations from a Canadian consensus workshop. Paediatr Child Health 22(2):75\u201379","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0249","volume":"116","author":"RA Ehrenkranz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR, Jobe AH, Wright LL, Fanaroff AA et al (2005) Validation of the National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 116(6):1353\u20131360","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22920-8","volume":"12","author":"GW Jeon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jeon GW, Oh M, Lee J, Jun YH, Chang YS (2022) Comparison of definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia to reflect the long-term outcomes of extremely preterm infants. Sci Rep 12(1):18095","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"6713_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201504-218OC","volume":"12","author":"BB Poindexter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Poindexter BB, Feng R, Schmidt B, Aschner JL, Ballard RA, Hamvas A et al (2015) Comparisons and limitations of current definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for the prematurity and respiratory outcomes program. Ann Am Thorac Soc 12(12):1822\u20131830","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC","volume":"200","author":"EA Jensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jensen EA, Dysart K, Gantz MG, McDonald S, Bamat NA, Keszler M et al (2019) The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. An evidence-based approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 200(6):751\u2013759","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25172","volume":"56","author":"C Kurihara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurihara C, Zhang L, Mikhael M (2021) Newer bronchopulmonary dysplasia definitions and prediction of health economics impacts in very preterm infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 56(2):409\u2013417","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6713_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1646240","volume":"34","author":"C Siffel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siffel C, Kistler KD, Lewis JFM, Sarda SP (2021) Global incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia among extremely preterm infants: a systematic literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 34(11):1721\u20131731","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"6713_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dickenson G, Sikdar O, Bhatt R, Nanjundappa M, Harris C, Greenough A (2025) Changes in neonatal practice and temporal trends in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Perinatol\u00a0Aug 18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2672-2769. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40738136","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2672-2769"},{"issue":"5","key":"6713_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00508-7","volume":"10","author":"DS Bui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bui DS, Perret JL, Walters EH, Lodge CJ, Bowatte G, Hamilton GS et al (2022) Association between very to moderate preterm births, lung function deficits, and COPD at age 53 years: analysis of a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 10(5):478\u2013484","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6713_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02531-2021","author":"P Um-Bergstrom","year":"2022","unstructured":"Um-Bergstrom P, Pourbazargan M, Brundin B, Strom M, Ezerskyte M, Gao J et al (2022) Increased cytotoxic T-cells in the airways of adults with former bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.02531-2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"6713_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.04.006","volume":"211","author":"A Galderisi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Galderisi A, Calabrese F, Fortarezza F, Abman S, Baraldi E (2019) Airway histopathology of adolescent survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr 211:215\u2013218","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"6713_CR32","first-page":"34","volume":"1","author":"JF Devine","year":"2008","unstructured":"Devine JF (2008) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an overview. Am Health Drug Benefits 1(7):34\u201342","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801448","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01448-2018","volume":"52","author":"JB Soriano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soriano JB, Polverino F, Cosio BG (2018) What is early COPD and why is it important? Eur Respir J 52(6):1801448","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"6713_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30529-0","volume":"7","author":"A Agusti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agusti A, Faner R (2019) Lung function trajectories in health and disease. Lancet Respir Med 7(4):358\u2013364","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"6713_CR35","first-page":"867","volume":"176","author":"SJ Kotecha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kotecha SJ, Gibbons JTD, Course CW, Evans EE, Simpson SJ, Watkins WJ et al (2022) Geographical differences and temporal improvements in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 176(9):867\u2013877","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30530-7","volume":"7","author":"LW Doyle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doyle LW, Andersson S, Bush A, Cheong JLY, Clemm H, Evensen KAI et al (2019) Expiratory airflow in late adolescence and early adulthood in individuals born very preterm or with very low birthweight compared with controls born at term or with normal birthweight: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med 7(8):677\u2013686","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"6713_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00046-2023","author":"JTD Gibbons","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gibbons JTD, Course CW, Evans EE, Kotecha S, Kotecha SJ, Simpson SJ (2023) Increasing airway obstruction through life following bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a meta-analysis. ERJ Open Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00046-2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208524","volume":"72","author":"LW Doyle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doyle LW, Adams AM, Robertson C, Ranganathan S, Davis NM, Lee KJ et al (2017) Increasing airway obstruction from 8 to 18 years in extremely preterm\/low-birthweight survivors born in the surfactant era. Thorax 72(8):712\u2013719","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203079","volume":"68","author":"SJ Kotecha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kotecha SJ, Edwards MO, Watkins WJ, Henderson AJ, Paranjothy S, Dunstan FD et al (2013) Effect of preterm birth on later FEV1: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 68(8):760\u2013766","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00039513","volume":"43","author":"A Gough","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gough A, Linden M, Spence D, Patterson CC, Halliday HL, McGarvey LP (2014) Impaired lung function and health status in adult survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J 43(3):808\u2013816","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"13","key":"6713_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1722604","volume":"39","author":"A Lasry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lasry A, Kavabushi P, Canakis AM, Luu TM, Nuyt AM, Perreault T et al (2022) Cardiopulmonary function abnormalities in cohort of adults following bronchopulmonary dysplasia as preterm infants. Am J Perinatol 39(13):1410\u20131417","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"6713_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00701-2023","author":"B Lundberg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lundberg B, Merid SK, Um-Bergstr\u00f6m P, Wang G, Bergstr\u00f6m A, Ekstr\u00f6m S et al (2024) Lung function in young adulthood in relation to moderate-to-late preterm birth. ERJ Open Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00701-2023","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14335","volume":"75","author":"A Flahault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flahault A, Paquette K, Fernandes RO, Delfrate J, Cloutier A, Henderson M et al (2020) Increased incidence but lack of association between cardiovascular risk factors in adults born preterm. Hypertension 75(3):796\u2013805","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00072","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00072-2022","volume":"8","author":"F Sanna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sanna F, Locatelli F, Sly PD, White E, Blake D, Heyworth J et al (2022) Characterisation of lung function trajectories and associated early-life predictors in an Australian birth cohort study. ERJ Open Res 8(1):00072\u201302022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411532","volume":"373","author":"P Lange","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lange P, Celli B, Agust\u00ed A, Boje Jensen G, Divo M, Faner R et al (2015) Lung-function trajectories leading to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 373(2):111\u2013122","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"6713_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219301","volume":"78","author":"M Cousins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cousins M, Hart K, Kotecha SJ, Henderson AJ, Watkins WJ, Bush A et al (2023) Characterising airway obstructive, dysanaptic and PRISm phenotypes of prematurity-associated lung disease. Thorax 78(9):895\u2013903","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"11","key":"6713_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26658","volume":"58","author":"M Cousins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cousins M, Hart K, Radics BL, Henderson AJ, Hantos Z, Sly PD et al (2023) Peripheral airway dysfunction in prematurity-associated obstructive lung disease identified by oscillometry. Pediatr Pulmonol 58(11):3279\u20133292","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6713_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01519-2022","author":"NR Bhakta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhakta NR, McGowan A, Ramsey KA, Borg B, Kivastik J, Knight SL et al (2023) European Respiratory Society\/American Thoracic Society technical statement: standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes, 2023 update. Eur Respir J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01519-2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600016","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00016-2016","volume":"49","author":"BL Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham BL, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Cooper BG, Jensen R, Kendrick A et al (2017) 2017 ERS\/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 49(1):1600016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"6713_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03527-3","author":"E Williams","year":"2024","unstructured":"Williams E, Rudiger M, Arasu A, Greenough A, Dassios T (2024) Non-invasively estimated alveolar surface area in extreme preterms: development and respiratory outcomes at two years of age. Pediatr Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-024-03527-3","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"6713_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams EE, Gareth Jones J, McCurnin D, Rudiger M, Nanjundappa M, Greenough A et al (2023) Functional morphometry: non-invasive estimation of the alveolar surface area in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Res 94(5):1707\u20131713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02597-z"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900753","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00753-2019","volume":"55","author":"GG King","year":"2020","unstructured":"King GG, Bates J, Berger KI, Calverley P, de Melo PL, Dellac\u00e0 RL et al (2020) Technical standards for respiratory oscillometry. Eur Respir J 55(2):1900753","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00025.2015","volume":"97","author":"JC Hogg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hogg JC, Par\u00e9 PD, Hackett TL (2017) The contribution of small airway obstruction to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol Rev 97(2):529\u2013552","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"6713_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0151-2024","author":"JTD Gibbons","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gibbons JTD, Beaven ML, Course CW, Kotecha SJ, Hixson T, Zuidersma M et al (2025) Lung volumes, gas transfer and oscillometry after preterm birth: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0151-2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206590","volume":"70","author":"CE Bolton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bolton CE, Bush A, Hurst JR, Kotecha S, McGarvey L (2015) Lung consequences in adults born prematurely. Thorax 70(6):574\u2013580","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4104\/pcrj.2013.00042","volume":"22","author":"KR Jat","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jat KR (2013) Spirometry in children. Prim Care Respir J 22(2):221\u2013229","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"key":"6713_CR57","first-page":"46","volume":"18","author":"E Skylogianni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skylogianni E, Douros K, Anthracopoulos MB, Fouzas S (2016) The forced oscillation technique in paediatric respiratory practice. Paediatr Respir Rev 18:46\u201351","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/jopp.jopp_13_23","volume":"2","author":"R Goyal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goyal R, Parakh A (2023) Forced oscillation technique and impulse oscillometry: an update on current understanding. Journal of Pediatric Pulmonology 2(2):55\u201360","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Pulmonology"},{"issue":"4","key":"6713_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v7.i4.129","volume":"7","author":"A Alblooshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alblooshi A, Alkalbani A, Albadi G, Narchi H, Hall G (2017) Is forced oscillation technique the next respiratory function test of choice in childhood asthma. World J Methodol 7(4):129\u2013138","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2020.12.006","volume":"66","author":"W Durlak","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durlak W, Klimek M, Wro\u0144ski M, Trybulska A, Kwinta P (2021) Multimodal longitudinal respiratory function assessment in very low birth weight 7-year-old children. Adv Med Sci 66(1):81\u201388","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-208985","volume":"72","author":"SJ Simpson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simpson SJ, Logie KM, O\u2019Dea CA, Banton GL, Murray C, Wilson AC et al (2017) Altered lung structure and function in mid-childhood survivors of very preterm birth. Thorax 72(8):702\u2013711","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"6713_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2056","author":"P Thunqvist","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thunqvist P, Gustafsson PM, Schultz ES, Bellander T, Berggren-Brostrom E, Norman M et al (2016) Lung function at 8 and 16 years after moderate-to-late preterm birth: a prospective cohort study. Pediatrics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2015-2056","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1075-1","volume":"20","author":"P Um-Bergstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"Um-Bergstr\u00f6m P, Hallberg J, Pourbazargan M, Berggren-Brostr\u00f6m E, Ferrara G, Eriksson MJ et al (2019) Pulmonary outcomes in adults with a history of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia differ from patients with asthma. Respir Res 20(1):102","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0441-3","volume":"17","author":"P Um-Bergstrom","year":"2017","unstructured":"Um-Bergstrom P, Hallberg J, Thunqvist P, Berggren-Brostrom E, Anderson M, Adenfelt G et al (2017) Lung function development after preterm birth in relation to severity of Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. BMC Pulm Med 17(1):97","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9761-7","volume":"28","author":"EB Brostr\u00f6m","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brostr\u00f6m EB, Akre O, Katz-Salamon M, Jaraj D, Kaijser M (2013) Obstructive pulmonary disease in old age among individuals born preterm. Eur J Epidemiol 28(1):79\u201385","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6713_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEvoy CT, Jain L, Schmidt B, Abman S, Bancalari E, Aschner JL (2014) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: NHLBI workshop on the primary prevention of chronic lung diseases. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):S146\u201353","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-424LD"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199912000-00007","volume":"46","author":"AJ Jobe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jobe AJ (1999) The new BPD: an arrest of lung development. Pediatr Res 46(6):641\u2013643","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2018.04.003","volume":"54","author":"AT Barroso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barroso AT, Mart\u00edn EM, Romero LMR, Ruiz FO (2018) Factors affecting lung function: a review of the literature. Archivos de Bronconeumolog\u00eda (English Edition) 54(6):327\u2013332","journal-title":"Archivos de Bronconeumolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"issue":"9","key":"6713_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23446","volume":"51","author":"E Van Mastrigt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Mastrigt E, Logie K, Ciet P, Reiss IK, Duijts L, Pijnenburg MW et al (2016) Lung CT imaging in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol 51(9):975\u2013986","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6713_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24121","volume":"53","author":"TJ Sung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sung TJ, Hwang SM, Kim MY, Park SG, Choi KY (2018) Relationship between clinical severity of \u201cnew\u201d bronchopulmonary dysplasia and HRCT abnormalities in VLBW infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 53(10):1391\u20131398","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6713_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0552OC","volume":"192","author":"LL Walkup","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walkup LL, Tkach JA, Higano NS, Thomen RP, Fain SB, Merhar SL et al (2015) Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the neonatal intensive care unit environment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 192(10):1215\u20131222","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6713_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2023.111168","volume":"169","author":"S Fontijn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fontijn S, Balink SJA, Bonte M, Andrinopoulou ER, Duijts L, Kroon AA et al (2023) Chest computed tomography in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: comparing quantitative scoring methods. Eur J Radiol 169:111168","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"6713_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiddens HA, Kuo W, van Straten M, Ciet P (2018) Paediatric lung imaging: the times they are a-changin\u2019. Eur Respir Rev 27(147)","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0097-2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.0505","volume":"185","author":"R Smith-Bindman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smith-Bindman R, Chu PW, Azman Firdaus H, Stewart C, Malekhedayat M, Alber S et al (2025) Projected lifetime cancer risks from current computed tomography imaging. JAMA Intern Med 185(6):710\u2013719","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2018.08.006","volume":"26","author":"LL Walkup","year":"2019","unstructured":"Walkup LL, Higano NS, Woods JC (2019) Structural and functional pulmonary magnetic resonance imaging in pediatrics-from the neonate to the young adult. Acad Radiol 26(3):424\u2013430","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"key":"6713_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01183-2024","author":"K F\u00f6rster","year":"2025","unstructured":"F\u00f6rster K, Strobl K, Kindt A, H\u00e4fner F, Schubert B, Heinen F et al (2025) Lung MRI scoring reveals persistence of emphysema-like changes in lungs of infants born preterm at (pre)school age. ERJ Open Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.01183-2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.28408","volume":"57","author":"TC Arnold","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arnold TC, Freeman CW, Litt B, Stein JM (2023) Low-field MRI: clinical promise and challenges. J Magn Reson Imaging 57(1):25\u201344","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR78","volume":"3","author":"AE Campbell-Washburn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campbell-Washburn AE, Malayeri AA, Jones EC, Moss J, Fennelly KP, Olivier KN et al (2021) T2-weighted lung imaging using a 0.55-T MRI system. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 3(3):e200611","journal-title":"Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10335-6","volume":"34","author":"E Ilicak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ilicak E, Thater G, Ozdemir S, Zapp J, Schad LR, Schoenberg SO et al (2024) Functional lung imaging of 2-year-old children after congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair using dynamic mode decomposition MRI. Eur Radiol 34(6):3761\u20133772","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202203-0606OC","volume":"207","author":"HF Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan HF, Smith LJ, Biancardi AM, Bray J, Marshall H, Hughes PJC et al (2023) Image phenotyping of preterm-born children using hyperpolarized (129)Xe lung magnetic resonance imaging and multiple-breath washout. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 207(1):89\u2013100","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6713_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2023.2241355","volume":"17","author":"B Zanette","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zanette B, Greer MC, Moraes TJ, Ratjen F, Santyr G (2023) The argument for utilising magnetic resonance imaging as a tool for monitoring lung structure and function in pediatric patients. Expert Rev Respir Med 17(7):527\u2013538","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0428OC","volume":"199","author":"PM Mourani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mourani PM, Mandell EW, Meier M, Younoszai A, Brinton JT, Wagner BD et al (2019) Early pulmonary vascular disease in preterm infants is associated with late respiratory outcomes in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 199(8):1020\u20131027","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318531","volume":"106","author":"S Arjaans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arjaans S, Haarman MG, Roofthooft MTR, Fries MWF, Kooi EMW, Bos AF et al (2021) Fate of pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia beyond 36 weeks postmenstrual age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106(1):45","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"5","key":"6713_CR84","first-page":"428","volume":"34","author":"P Chandrasekharan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chandrasekharan P, Kozielski R, Kumar VH, Rawat M, Manja V, Ma C et al (2017) Early use of inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants: is there a rationale for selective approach? Am J Perinatol 34(5):428\u2013440","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"6713_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2023.113444","volume":"259","author":"H Mirza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mirza H, Mandell EW, Kinsella JP, McNamara PJ, Abman SH (2023) Pulmonary vascular phenotypes of prematurity: the path to precision medicine. J Pediatr 259:113444","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05843-6","volume":"184","author":"M Takeoka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takeoka M, Sawada H, Mitani Y, Ohashi H, Yodoya N, Ohya K et al (2024) Persistent pulmonary hypertension in children after apparent resolution of ultrasound-defined pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur J Pediatr 184(1):26","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"6713_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.08.034","volume":"191","author":"S Zivanovic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zivanovic S, Pushparajah K, Calvert S, Marlow N, Razavi R, Peacock JL et al (2017) Pulmonary artery pressures in school-age children born prematurely. J Pediatr 191:42\u20139.e3","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6713_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0767LE","volume":"201","author":"A Mulchrone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mulchrone A, Bellofiore A, Douwes JM, Duong N, Beshish AG, Barton GP et al (2020) Impaired right ventricular-vascular coupling in young adults born preterm. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201(5):615\u2013618","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12444","volume":"32","author":"S Arjaans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arjaans S, Zwart EA, Ploegstra MJ, Bos AF, Kooi EM, Hillege HL et al (2018) Identification of gaps in the current knowledge on pulmonary hypertension in extremely preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 32(3):258\u2013267","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"6713_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas SR, Jain SK, Murthy P, Joseph CJ, Soraisham A, Tang S et al (2024) Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants born< 29 weeks with bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension: a multicenter study. Am J Perinatol 41(S 01):e2505-e13","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2121-8878"},{"issue":"4","key":"6713_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PM Mourani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mourani PM, Abman SH (2015) Pulmonary hypertension and vascular abnormalities in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 42(4):839\u2013855","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-0971","volume":"120","author":"E Khemani","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khemani E, McElhinney DB, Rhein L, Andrade O, Lacro RV, Thomas KC et al (2007) Pulmonary artery hypertension in formerly premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical features and outcomes in the surfactant era. Pediatrics 120(6):1260\u20131269","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"21","key":"6713_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000329","volume":"132","author":"SH Abman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abman SH, Hansmann G, Archer SL, Ivy DD, Adatia I, Chung WK et al (2015) Pediatric pulmonary hypertension: guidelines from the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society. Circulation 132(21):2037\u20132099","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"6713_CR94","first-page":"879","volume":"2019","author":"G Hansmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hansmann G, Koestenberger M, Alastalo T-P, Apitz C, Austin ED, Bonnet D et al (2019) updated consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension: The European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network (EPPVDN), endorsed by AEPC, ESPR and ISHLT. Elsevier 2019:879\u2013901","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F554","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313778","volume":"103","author":"H Nakanishi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakanishi H, Suenaga H, Uchiyama A, Kusuda S (2018) Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in extremely preterm infants: a Japanese cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 103(6):F554\u2013F561","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"1","key":"6713_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1665-6","volume":"19","author":"E Naumburg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Naumburg E, S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m L (2019) Increased risk of pulmonary hypertension following premature birth. BMC Pediatr 19(1):288","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000445476","volume":"110","author":"HW Kwon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kwon HW, Kim HS, An HS, Kwon BS, Kim GB, Shin SH et al (2016) Long-term outcomes of pulmonary hypertension in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Neonatology 110(3):181\u2013189","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"6713_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collaco JM, Eldredge LC, McGrath-Morrow SA (2024) Long-term pulmonary outcomes in BPD throughout the life-course. J Perinatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-024-01957-9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-024-01957-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"6713_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107849","volume":"58","author":"JJ Lang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lang JJ, Prince SA, Merucci K, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Chaput JP, Fraser BJ et al (2024) Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality among adults: an overview of meta-analyses representing over 20.9 million observations from 199 unique cohort studies. Br J Sports Med 58(10):556\u2013566","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"6713_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105187","volume":"150","author":"C Crump","year":"2020","unstructured":"Crump C (2020) An overview of adult health outcomes after preterm birth. Early Hum Dev 150:105187","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"6713_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23117","volume":"50","author":"MO Edwards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Edwards MO, Kotecha SJ, Lowe J, Watkins WJ, Henderson AJ, Kotecha S (2015) Effect of preterm birth on exercise capacity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol 50(3):293\u2013301","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6713_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024","author":"ML Beaven","year":"2025","unstructured":"Beaven ML, Gibbons JTD, Course CW, Kotecha SJ, Hixson T, Maiorana A et al (2025) Physiological responses to exercise in survivors of preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0163-2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"6713_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children10081427","author":"G Poole","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poole G, Harris C, Greenough A (2023) Exercise capacity in very low birth weight adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Children. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children10081427","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"6713_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122849","author":"H Billingsley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Billingsley H, Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Del Buono MG, Abbate A, Lavie CJ, Carbone S (2019) Lifestyle interventions with a focus on nutritional strategies to increase cardiorespiratory fitness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart failure, obesity, sarcopenia, and frailty. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11122849","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"6713_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199802000-00013","volume":"30","author":"C Bouchard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bouchard C, Daw EW, Rice T, P\u00e9russe L, Gagnon J, Province MA et al (1998) Familial resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: the HERITAGE family study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30(2):252\u2013258","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"6713_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01387-9","volume":"90","author":"S Kumari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kumari S, Barton GP, Goss KN (2021) Increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption in adult survivors of preterm birth. Pediatr Res 90(6):1147\u20131152","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"6713_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2024.02.009","volume":"83","author":"MP Harber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Harber MP, Myers J, Bonikowske AR, Muntaner-Mas A, Molina-Garcia P, Arena R et al (2024) Assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical and community settings: lessons and advancements in the 100th year anniversary of VO(2max). Prog Cardiovasc Dis 83:36\u201342","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44","volume":"128","author":"GF Fletcher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fletcher GF, Ades PA, Kligfield P, Arena R, Balady GJ, Bittner VA et al (2013) Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 128(8):873\u2013934","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"6713_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008313430907","volume":"343","author":"NL Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones NL, Killian KJ (2000) Exercise limitation in health and disease. N Engl J Med 343(9):632\u2013641","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"6713_CR110","first-page":"1285","volume":"93","author":"K Albouaini","year":"2007","unstructured":"Albouaini K, Egred M, Alahmar A, Wright DJ (2007) Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application. Heart 93(10):1285\u20131292","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"12","key":"6713_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2018.05.019","volume":"54","author":"N Morales Mestre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morales Mestre N, Papaleo A, Morales Hidalgo V, Caty G, Reychler G (2018) Physical activity program improves functional exercise capacity and flexibility in extremely preterm children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia aged 4-6 years: a randomized controlled trial. Archivos de Bronconeumolog\u00eda (English Edition) 54(12):607\u2013613","journal-title":"Archivos de Bronconeumolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"issue":"9","key":"6713_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202205-0858OC","volume":"207","author":"H Burchert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burchert H, Lapidaire W, Williamson W, McCourt A, Dockerill C, Woodward W et al (2023) Aerobic exercise training response in preterm-born young adults with elevated blood pressure and stage 1 hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 207(9):1227\u20131236","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6713_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0108-2017","author":"F Ciuffini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ciuffini F, Robertson CF, Tingay DG (2018) How best to capture the respiratory consequences of prematurity? Eur Respir Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0108-2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"6713_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3149-1","volume":"115","author":"JR Smith","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smith JR, Emerson SR, Kurti SP, Gandhi K, Harms CA (2015) Lung volume and expiratory flow rates from pre- to post-puberty. Eur J Appl Physiol 115(8):1645\u20131652","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10435","key":"6713_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00016-3","volume":"403","author":"E Mel\u00e9n","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mel\u00e9n E, Faner R, Allinson JP, Bui D, Bush A, Custovic A et al (2024) Lung-function trajectories: relevance and implementation in clinical practice. Lancet 403(10435):1494\u20131503","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"6713_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202505-1157VP","volume":"211","author":"L Zanetto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zanetto L, Bonadies L, Pertoldi C, Papi A, Baraldi E (2025) Targeting treatable traits across the lifespan in preterm-born individuals with chronic lung disease of prematurity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 211(11):1996\u20131998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06713-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06713-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06713-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T03:02:51Z","timestamp":1770260571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06713-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06713-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"61"}}