{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T07:07:59Z","timestamp":1780384079015,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-025-06715-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T21:54:43Z","timestamp":1767477283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is small for gestational age associated with reduced oxygen saturation to FiO2 ratio at 36\u00a0weeks postmenstrual age in preterm infants, independent of bronchopulmonary dysplasia? A retrospective Italian two-center cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Correani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Lanciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Giorgetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Burattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Fattore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Tirone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virgilio","family":"Carnielli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"6715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.08401","volume":"66","author":"TD Homan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Homan TD, Nayak RP (2021) Short- and long-term complications of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respir Care 66:1618\u20131629","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"6715_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F192","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314171","volume":"104","author":"EA Jensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jensen EA, Foglia EE, Dysart KC, Simmons RA, Aghai ZH, Cook A, Greenspan JS, DeMauro SB (2019) Adverse effects of small for gestational age differ by gestational week among very preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 104:F192-f198","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"6715_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-180129","volume":"12","author":"G Rocha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rocha G, de Lima FF, Machado AP, Guimar\u00e3es H, Proen\u00e7a E, Carvalho C, Martins LG et al (2019) Small for gestational age very preterm infants present a higher risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 12:419\u2013427","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"6715_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62257-X","volume":"376","author":"L Gortner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gortner L, Reiss I (2010) Inhaled nitric oxide for premature babies. Lancet 376:1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6715_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-318978","volume":"106","author":"PE van Beek","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Beek PE, Groenendaal F, Broeders L, Dijk PH, Dijkman KP, van den Dungen FAM, van Heijst AFJ, van Hillegersberg JL, Kornelisse RF, Onland W, Schuerman F, van Westering-Kroon E, Witlox R, Andriessen P (2021) Survival and causes of death in extremely preterm infants in the Netherlands. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 106:251\u2013257","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"6715_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002923","volume":"16","author":"NL Pritchard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pritchard NL, Hiscock RJ, Lockie E, Permezel M, McGauren MFG, Kennedy AL, Green B, Walker SP, Lindquist AC (2019) Identification of the optimal growth charts for use in a preterm population: an Australian state-wide retrospective cohort study. PLoS Med 16:e1002923","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"6715_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200906-0897OC","volume":"181","author":"SJ Kotecha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kotecha SJ, Watkins WJ, Heron J, Henderson J, Dunstan FD, Kotecha S (2010) Spirometric lung function in school-age children: effect of intrauterine growth retardation and catch-up growth. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 181:969\u2013974","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"6715_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.050","volume":"137","author":"HT den Dekker","year":"2016","unstructured":"den Dekker HT, van der Sonnenschein- Voort AMM, de Jongste JC, Anessi-Maesano I, Arshad SH, Barros H, Beardsmore CS et al (2016) Early growth characteristics and the risk of reduced lung function and asthma: a meta-analysis of 25,000 children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:1026\u20131035","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"6715_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24580","volume":"55","author":"YH Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim YH, Kim KW, Eun HS, Shin JE, Sol IS, Kim SY, Kim YS, Sohn MH, Namgung R (2020) Small for gestational age birth may increase airflow limitation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol 55:346\u2013353","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6715_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F412","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308922","volume":"101","author":"E Ronkainen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ronkainen E, Dunder T, Kaukola T, Marttila R, Hallman M (2016) Intrauterine growth restriction predicts lower lung function at school age in children born very preterm. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 101:F412-417","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"6715_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24938","volume":"55","author":"A Correani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Correani A, Dell\u2019Orto V, Nobile S, Antognoli L, Marchionni P, Giretti I, Monachesi C, Rondina C, Palazzi ML, Biagetti C, D\u2019Ascenzo R, Pompilio A, Simonato M, Cogo P, Burattini I, Carnielli VP (2020) Oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen ratio in preterm infants on routine parenteral nutrition with conventional or fish oil containing lipid emulsions. Pediatr Pulmonol 55:2377\u20132382","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6715_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01455-3","volume":"78","author":"A Correani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Correani A, Spagnoli C, Lanciotti L, Monachesi C, Antognoli L, De Angelis F, Biagetti C, Burattini I, Carnielli V (2024) Mother\u2019s own milk and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in appropriate for gestational age preterm infants. Eur J Clin Nutr 78:703\u2013708","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6715_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25979","volume":"57","author":"L Lanciotti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lanciotti L, Correani A, Pasqualini M, Antognoli L, Dell\u2019Orto VG, Giorgetti C, Colombo S, Palazzi ML, Rondina C, Burattini I, Carnielli VP (2022) Respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants of less than 32 weeks: what difference does giving 100 or 200 mg\/kg of exogenous surfactant make? Pediatr Pulmonol 57:2067\u20132073","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6715_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00856-z","volume":"41","author":"CT McEvoy","year":"2021","unstructured":"McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Go MD, Mehess S, Durand M (2021) Pulmonary function in extremely low birth weight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia before hospital discharge. J Perinatol 41:77\u201383","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"6715_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24265","volume":"54","author":"S Nobile","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nobile S, Marchionni P, Gidiucci C, Correani A, Palazzi ML, Spagnoli C, Rondina C, Carnielli VP (2019) Oxygen saturation\/FIO2 ratio at 36 weeks\u2019 PMA in 1005 preterm infants: effect of gestational age and early respiratory disease patterns. Pediatr Pulmonol 54:637\u2013643","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6715_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26620","volume":"58","author":"A Correani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Correani A, Lanciotti L, Giorgetti C, Palazzi ML, Monachesi C, Antognoli L, Burattini I, Cogo P, Carnielli V (2023) Reduced pulmonary oxygen diffusion at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants of less than 32 weeks without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Pulmonol 58:3054\u20133062","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6715_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2957-1","volume":"176","author":"S Nobile","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nobile S, Marchionni P, Carnielli VP (2017) Neonatal outcome of small for gestational age preterm infants. Eur J Pediatr 176:1083\u20131088","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6715_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.664889","volume":"25","author":"E Bertino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bertino E, Di Nicola P, Varalda A, Occhi L, Giuliani F, Coscia A (2012) Neonatal growth charts. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 25(Suppl 1):67\u201369","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"6715_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0204","volume":"114","author":"MC Walsh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Walsh MC, Yao Q, Gettner P, Hale E, Collins M, Hensman A, Everette R, Peters N, Miller N, Muran G, Auten K, Newman N, Rowan G, Grisby C, Arnell K, Miller L, Ball B, McDavid G (2004) Impact of a physiologic definition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates. Pediatrics 114:1305\u20131311","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"6715_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2478\/jccm-2025-0024","volume":"11","author":"M Reddy","year":"2025","unstructured":"Reddy M, Kulkarni M, Kanakalakshmi ST, Shenoy L, KrishnaBhat RR (2025) Non-invasive SpO2\/FiO2 ratio (SFR) as surrogate for PaO2\/FiO2 ratio (PFR): a scoping review. J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures) 11:221\u2013232","journal-title":"J Crit Care Med (Targu Mures)"},{"key":"6715_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00862","volume":"11","author":"KYY Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan KYY, Miller SL, Schm\u00f6lzer GM, Stojanovska V, Polglase GR (2020) Respiratory support of the preterm neonate: lessons about ventilation-induced brain injury from large animal models. Front Neurol 11:862","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"6715_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.057","volume":"193","author":"PY Ancel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ancel PY, Marret S, Larroque B, Arnaud C, Zupan-Simunek V, Voyer M, Roz\u00e9 JC, Matis J, Burguet A, Led\u00e9sert B, Andr\u00e9 M, Pierrat V, Kaminski M (2005) Are maternal hypertension and small-for-gestational age risk factors for severe intraventricular hemorrhage and cystic periventricular leukomalacia? Results of the EPIPAGE cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:178\u2013184","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"6715_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100220","volume":"15","author":"TR Fenton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fenton TR, Merlino Barr S, Elmrayed S, Alshaikh B (2024) Expected and desirable preterm and small infant growth patterns. Adv Nutr 15:100220","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"6715_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015232","volume":"7","author":"A Lio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lio A, Rosati P, Pastorino R, Cota F, Tana M, Tirone C, Aurilia C, Ricci C, Gambacorta A, Paladini A, Mappa I, Buongiorno S, Zannoni GF, Romagnoli C, Vento G (2017) Fetal Doppler velocimetry and bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk among growth-restricted preterm infants: an observational study. BMJ Open 7:e015232","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6715_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2258257","volume":"36","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu C, Wang K, Huang G, Huang Z, Guo Y, Xie Z, Wu Z, Guo Z, Guo J (2023) Association of small-for-gestational-age status with mortality and morbidity in very preterm Chinese infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 36:2258257","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"6715_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216485","volume":"77","author":"M Pierro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pierro M, Villamor-Martinez E, van Westering-Kroon E, Alvarez-Fuente M, Abman SH, Villamor E (2022) Association of the dysfunctional placentation endotype of prematurity with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Thorax 77:268\u2013275","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"6715_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010139","author":"I Valenzuela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valenzuela I, Zapletalova K, Greyling M, Regin Y, Gie A, Basurto D, Deprest J, van der Merwe J (2023) Fetal growth restriction impairs lung function and neurodevelopment in an early preterm rabbit model. Biomedicines. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines11010139","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"6715_CR28","first-page":"19","volume":"44","author":"A Sehgal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sehgal A, Dassios T, Nold MF, Nold-Petry CA, Greenough A (2022) Fetal growth restriction and neonatal-pediatric lung diseases: vascular mechanistic links and therapeutic directions. Paediatr Respir Rev 44:19\u201330","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"6715_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1109","volume":"32","author":"GS Maritz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Maritz GS, Cock ML, Louey S, Joyce BJ, Albuquerque CA, Harding R (2001) Effects of fetal growth restriction on lung development before and after birth: a morphometric analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol 32:201\u2013210","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"6715_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children8050361","author":"E Priti\u0161anac","year":"2021","unstructured":"Priti\u0161anac E, Urlesberger B, Schwaberger B, Pichler G (2021) Accuracy of pulse oximetry in the presence of fetal hemoglobin-a systematic review. Children. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8050361","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"6715_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.24","volume":"79","author":"E Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen E, Wong FY, Horne RS, Yiallourou SR (2016) Intrauterine growth restriction: impact on cardiovascular development and function throughout infancy. Pediatr Res 79:821\u2013830","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"6715_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.08.004","volume":"217","author":"M Castagno","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castagno M, Menegon V, Monzani A, Zanetta S, Secco GG, Rosso R, Binotti M, Maiuri L, Di Mario C, Gazzolo D, Ferrero F, Genoni G (2019) Small-for-gestational-age birth is linked to cardiovascular dysfunction in early childhood. Am Heart J 217:84\u201393","journal-title":"Am Heart J"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06715-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06715-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06715-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T02:30:45Z","timestamp":1770258645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06715-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-025-06715-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"\u00a0The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"50"}}