{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:55:15Z","timestamp":1781769315875,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this review was to explore the published literature describing the presentation, characteristics, and non-pharmacological treatments of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) in under 18-year-olds. This scoping review was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Guidelines for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Five online databases (AMED, CINAHL\u2009+\u2009, EMBASE, EBSCO, and MEDLINE) were systematically searched with identified key terms for relevant records and screened against the eligibility criteria. Extracted data from the included studies informed a narrative synthesis. The PAGER framework was used to succinctly present gaps in the field and recommend future directions for research. Online searches yielded 140 articles. Following screening, 30 articles were included for review. Findings suggest primary symptoms included extreme pain, allodynia, and nail changes. The Budapest criteria, radiography, bone scans and laboratory examinations were commonly used diagnostic methods. Various non-pharmacological interventions were used, such as physiotherapy (home exercise), hydrotherapy, desensitisation, and cognitive behavioural therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\u00a0The most common symptom in children is severe pain that is disproportionate to the inciting event. Critical gaps in the evidence base such as the absence of age appropriate, validated diagnostic criteria, lack of research understanding the lived experience and impact of the condition or exploring treatment efficacy, were identified as knowledge gaps within the field.\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              \u2022\n                              <jats:italic>Complex Regional Pain Syndrome is a difficult to diagnose and hard to treat pain condition. Among children, it is not well documented or understood, there are no agreed diagnostic criteria or treatment guidelines<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              \u2022\u00a0\n                              <jats:italic>This scoping review summarises and presents the published research regarding presentation, diagnosis and non-pharmacological treatment of paediatric CRPS<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\u2022\n                              <jats:italic>Issues relating to the use of treatments lacking demonstrable efficacy and the need for quick and reliable diagnoses are discussed<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\u2022\n                              <jats:italic>Using the PAGER Framework, this review exposes critical gaps in both research (the lack of research around condition experience and treatment efficacy) and practice (the lack of validated diagnostic criteria and treatment pathways) outlining clear and urgent recommendations<\/jats:italic>\n                              .\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-07027-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:50:07Z","timestamp":1778197807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation and non-pharmacological treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in under-18-year-olds: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6211-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahira","family":"Budhraja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0711-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Purvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6503-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"7027_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PAIN.2010.04.030","volume":"150","author":"RN Harden","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RSGM et al (2010) Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the \u201cBudapest Criteria\u201d) for complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 150:268\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PAIN.2010.04.030","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"7027_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.7861\/CLINMEDICINE.11-6-596","volume":"11","author":"L Turner-Stokes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turner-Stokes L, Goebel A (2011) Complex regional pain syndrome in adults: concise guidance. Clin Med 11:596\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/CLINMEDICINE.11-6-596","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"7027_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/PME.12033","volume":"14","author":"RN Harden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harden RN, Oaklander AL, Burton AW et al (2013) Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition. Pain Med 14:180\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/PME.12033","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"7027_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-20","volume":"10","author":"RS Perez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perez RS, Zollinger PE, Dijkstra PU et al (2010) Evidence based guidelines for complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Neurol 10:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-10-20","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"7027_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.008","volume":"129","author":"M de Mos","year":"2007","unstructured":"de Mos M, de Bruijn AGJ, Huygen FJPM et al (2007) The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: a population-based study. Pain 129:12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"7027_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310233","volume":"101","author":"H Abu-Arafeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abu-Arafeh H, Abu-Arafeh I (2016) Complex regional pain syndrome in children: incidence and clinical characteristics. Arch Dis Child 101:719\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310233","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"7027_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2025-101963","volume":"15","author":"SW Tham","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tham SW, Lee R, Rau LM et al (2025) Application of diagnostic criteria in paediatric complex regional pain syndrome: a scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 15:e101963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2025-101963","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"7027_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3233\/PRM-200700","volume":"14","author":"H Kempert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kempert H (2021) Clinical overlap of functional neurologic symptom disorder and complex regional pain syndrome in pediatrics: a case report. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 14:113\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/PRM-200700","journal-title":"J Pediatr Rehabil Med"},{"key":"7027_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00076-0","volume":"23","author":"MC Ferraro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ferraro MC, O\u2019Connell NE, Sommer C et al (2024) Complex regional pain syndrome: advances in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 23:522\u2013533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00076-0","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"7027_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12969-016-0090-8","author":"R Weissmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weissmann R, Uziel Y (2016) Pediatric complex regional pain syndrome: a review. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12969-016-0090-8","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol Online J"},{"key":"7027_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INPM.2024.100532","volume":"3","author":"J Mosquera-Moscoso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mosquera-Moscoso J, Eldrige J, Encalada S et al (2024) Interventional pain management of CRPS in the pediatric population: a literature review. Interv Pain Med 3:100532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.INPM.2024.100532","journal-title":"Interv Pain Med"},{"key":"7027_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CHILDREN7110245","volume":"7","author":"A Vescio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vescio A, Testa G, Culmone A et al (2020) Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome in children and adolescents: a structured literature scoping review. Children 7:7:245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CHILDREN7110245","journal-title":"Children"},{"issue":"10","key":"7027_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.007","volume":"6","author":"BR Katholi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katholi BR, Daghstani SS, Banez GA, Brady KK (2014) Noninvasive treatments for Pediatric Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: a focused review. PM R 6(10):926\u2013933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.04.007","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"2","key":"7027_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2217\/PMT-2016-0036","volume":"7","author":"H Abu-Arafeh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abu-Arafeh H, Abu-Arafeh I (2017) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in children: a systematic review of clinical features and movement disorders. Pain Manag 7(2):133\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/PMT-2016-0036","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"7027_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13643-017-0663-8","author":"MJ Page","year":"2017","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D (2017) Evaluations of the uptake and impact of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and extensions: a scoping review. Syst Rev. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13643-017-0663-8","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"7027_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","volume":"18","author":"MD Peters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters MD, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, McInerney P, Godfrey CM, Khalil H (2020) Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evid Synth 18(10):2119\u20132126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"key":"7027_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2015\/18\/621","volume":"18","author":"A Barroso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barroso A, Rodriguez MJ, Fernandez-Baena M, Yanez JA (2015) Comprehensive review invasive management for Pediatric Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: literature review of evidence. Pain Physician 18:621\u2013630","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"7027_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2021.1899596","volume":"25","author":"C Bradbury-Jones","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bradbury-Jones C, Aveyard H, Herber OR, Isham L, Taylor J, O\u2019Malley L (2022) Scoping reviews: the PAGER framework for improving the quality of reporting. Int J Soc Res Methodol 25(4):457\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13645579.2021.1899596","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"7027_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002482","volume":"163","author":"K Baerg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baerg K, Tupper SM, Chu LM et al (2022) Canadian surveillance study of complex regional pain syndrome in children. Pain 163:1060\u20131069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002482","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"7027_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.06.013","volume":"101","author":"X Bayle-Iniguez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bayle-Iniguez X, Audouin-Pajot C, Sales de Gauzy J et al (2015) Complex regional pain syndrome type I in children. Clinical description and quality of life. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 101:745\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.06.013","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"7027_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000250","volume":"27","author":"AN Borucki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borucki AN, Greco CD (2015) An update on complex regional pain syndromes in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 27(4):448\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000250","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"7027_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143680.x","volume":"175","author":"GA Chalkiadis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chalkiadis GA (2001) Management of chronic pain in children. Med J Aust 175:476\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143680.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"7027_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2008.02625.x","volume":"50","author":"L Kachko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kachko L, Efrat R, Ben Ami S et al (2008) Complex regional pain syndromes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Int 50(4):523\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2008.02625.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"7027_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-023-01130-5","volume":"27","author":"G Limerick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Limerick G, Christo DK, Tram J et al (2023) Complex regional pain syndrome: evidence-based advances in concepts and treatments. Curr Pain Headache Rep 27(9):269\u2013298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11916-023-01130-5","journal-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep"},{"key":"7027_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4748","author":"C Liossi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liossi C, Clinch J, Howard R (2015) Need for early recognition and multidisciplinary management of paediatric complex regional pain syndrome. BMJ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h4748","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"7027_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318070cc4d","volume":"27","author":"A Low","year":"2007","unstructured":"Low A, Ward K, Wines AP (2007) Pediatric complex regional pain syndrome. J Pediatr Orthop 27(5):567\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/BPO.0b013e318070cc4d","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"7027_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.82.3.231","volume":"82","author":"CS Murray","year":"2000","unstructured":"Murray CS, Cohen A, Perkins T (2000) Morbidity in reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Dis Child 82(3):231\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.82.3.231","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"7027_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.12.028","volume":"131","author":"NF Sethna","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sethna NF, Meier PM, Zurakowski D, Berde CB (2007) Cutaneous sensory abnormalities in children and adolescents with complex regional pain syndromes. Pain 131(1\u20132):153\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2006.12.028","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"7027_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001140","volume":"39","author":"DD Sherry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sherry DD, Mondal A, Mcgill M, Gmuca S (2023) Pediatric complex regional pain syndrome with and without a history of prior physical trauma at onset. Clin J Pain 39(9):437\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AJP.0000000000001140","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"7027_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.05.023","volume":"155","author":"LE Simons","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simons LE, Pielech M, Erpelding N et al (2014) The responsive amygdala: treatment-induced alterations in functional connectivity in pediatric complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 155(9):1727\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2014.05.023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"7027_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1651-2227.2008.00744.X","volume":"97","author":"ECTH Tan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tan ECTH, Zijlstra B, Essink ML, Goris RJA, Severijnen RSVM (2008) Complex regional pain syndrome type I in children. Acta Paediatr 97(7):875\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1651-2227.2008.00744.X","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"7027_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000194283.59132.fb","volume":"22","author":"RT Wilder","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilder RT (2006) Management of pediatric patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain 22(5):443\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ajp.0000194283.59132.fb","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"15","key":"7027_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24709","volume":"40","author":"AM Youssef","year":"2019","unstructured":"Youssef AM, Azqueta-Gavaldon M, Silva KE, Barakat N, Lopez N, Mahmud F, Lebel A, Sethna NF, Zurakowski D, Simons LE, Kraft E (2019) Shifting brain circuits in pain chronicity. Hum Brain Mapp 40(15):4381\u20134396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24709","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"7027_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NRLENG.2013.12.016","volume":"30","author":"V Pedemonte Stalla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pedemonte Stalla V, Medici Olaso C, Kanopa Almada V, Gonzalez Rabelino G (2015) Complex regional pain syndrome type I. An analysis of 7 cases in children. Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition) 30:347\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.NRLENG.2013.12.016","journal-title":"Neurolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"key":"7027_CR35","unstructured":"Badri T, Ben Jennet S, Fenniche S, Benmously R, Mokhtar I, Hammami H (2011) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in a child. Acta Dermatoven APA. 20(2):77-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"7027_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1071\/HC19025","volume":"11","author":"J Dunbar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunbar J, Wilson H (2019) Emerging models for successful treatment of complex regional pain syndrome in children and young adults. J Prim Health Care 11(3):283\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/HC19025","journal-title":"J Prim Health Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"7027_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215503cr589oa","volume":"17","author":"F G\u00fcler-Uysal","year":"2003","unstructured":"G\u00fcler-Uysal F, Ba\u015faran S, Geertzen JHB, G\u00f6nc\u00fc K (2003) A 2\u00bd-year-old girl with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (CRPS type I): case report. Clin Rehabil 17(2):224\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0269215503cr589oa","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"7027_CR38","unstructured":"Martinez-Silvestrini JA, Micheo WF (2006) Complex regional pain syndrome in pediatric sports: a case series of three young athletes.\u00a0Bol Asoc Med P R\u00a098(1):31-7"},{"issue":"7","key":"7027_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00174-1","volume":"22","author":"M Matsui","year":"2000","unstructured":"Matsui M, Ito M, Tomoda A, Miike T (2000) Complex regional pain syndrome in childhood: report of three cases. Brain Dev 22(7):445\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0387-7604(00)00174-1","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"7027_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181c224f1","volume":"8","author":"SE Rand","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rand SE (2009) Complex regional pain syndrome in the adolescent athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep 8(6):285\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/JSR.0b013e3181c224f1","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"7027_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PMRJ.2012.01.014","volume":"4","author":"V Brooke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brooke V, Janselewitz S (2012) Outcomes of children with complex regional pain syndrome after intensive inpatient rehabilitation. PM R 4(5):349\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.PMRJ.2012.01.014","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"5","key":"7027_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0265021502240624","volume":"19","author":"PP di Vadi","year":"2002","unstructured":"di Vadi PP, Brill S, Jack T et al (2002) Intravenous regional blocks with guanethidine and prilocaine combined with physiotherapy: two children with complex regional pain syndrome, Type 1. Eur J Anaesthesiol 19(5):381\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0265021502240624","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"7027_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03669.x","volume":"39","author":"T Okada","year":"1997","unstructured":"Okada T, Maeda M, Takechi T et al (1997) Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in childhood: a case report. Pediatr Int 39:690\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-200X.1997.tb03669.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"7027_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.12064","volume":"3","author":"J Broman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Broman J, Weigel C, Hellmundt L, Persson A (2021) A descriptive study on the treatment of pediatric CRPS in the Nordic countries and Germany. Paediatr Neonatal Pain 3:163\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pne2.12064","journal-title":"Paediatr Neonatal Pain"},{"key":"7027_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/BJA\/87.1.99","volume":"87","author":"RN Harden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harden RN (2001) Complex regional pain syndrome. Br J Anaesth 87:99\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BJA\/87.1.99","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"8","key":"7027_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1526-4637.2010.00916.X","volume":"11","author":"JJ Van Hilten","year":"2010","unstructured":"Van Hilten JJ (2010) Movement disorders in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Med 11(8):1274\u20131277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1526-4637.2010.00916.X","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"7027_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/PNE2.12047","volume":"3","author":"B Stevens","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stevens B (2021) Revisions to the IASP definition of pain\u2014what does this mean for children? Paediatr Neonatal Pain 3(3):101\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PNE2.12047","journal-title":"Paediatr Neonatal Pain"},{"key":"7027_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Smart KM, Ferraro MC, Wand BM, O'Connell NE (2022) Physiotherapy for pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) types I and II. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5(5):CD010853.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010853.pub3.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010853.pub3"},{"key":"7027_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/17589983221138610","volume":"28","author":"GS Griffiths","year":"2023","unstructured":"Griffiths GS, Thompson BL, Snell DL, Dunn JA (2023) Person-centred management of upper limb complex regional pain syndrome: an integrative review of non-pharmacological treatment. Hand Ther 28:16\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17589983221138610","journal-title":"Hand Ther"},{"key":"7027_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Resmini G, Ratti C, Canton G, et al (2016) Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome. Clin\u00a0Cases Miner Bone Metab\u00a012:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11138\/CCMBM\/2015.12.3S.026","DOI":"10.11138\/CCMBM\/2015.12.3S.026"},{"key":"7027_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-20","volume":"10","author":"RS Perez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Perez RS, Zollinger PE, Dijkstra PU et al (2010) Evidence based guidelines for complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Neurol 10:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-10-20","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"7027_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1093\/JPEPSY\/JSAF014","volume":"50","author":"ER Wolock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wolock ER, Sinisterra M, Fedele DA et al (2025) A systematic review of social functioning and peer relationships in adolescents with chronic pain. J Pediatr Psychol 50:354\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JPEPSY\/JSAF014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"7027_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/964352","volume":"18","author":"DE Logan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Logan DE, Williams SE, Carullo VP et al (2013) Children and adolescents with complex regional pain syndrome: more psychologically distressed than other children in pain? Pain Res Manag 18:87\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/964352","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"7027_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/820407","volume":"15","author":"PA Forgeron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forgeron PA, King S, Stinson JN, McGrath PJ, MacDonald AJ, Chambers CT (2010) Social functioning and peer relationships in children and adolescents with chronic pain: a systematic review. Pain Res Manag 15(1):27\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2010\/820407","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"7027_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462312000086","volume":"28","author":"A Morrison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morrison A, Polisena J, Husereau D et al (2012) The effect of English-language restriction on systematic review-based meta-analyses: a systematic review of empirical studies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 28(2):138\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0266462312000086","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07027-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07027-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07027-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:33:49Z","timestamp":1781768029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07027-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["7027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07027-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"364"}}