{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:05:28Z","timestamp":1784286328681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-07116-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T16:38:41Z","timestamp":1780677521000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ram cannula vs nasal mask interface for providing CPAP in preterm neonates (&lt;\u200934\u00a0weeks) with respiratory distress syndrome in a low- and middle-income country: an open-label, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Srivastav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Debata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adil Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bharti","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapas","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"7116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197106172842401","volume":"284","author":"GA Gregory","year":"1971","unstructured":"Gregory GA, Kitterman JA, Phibbs RH, Tooley WH, Hamilton WK (1971) Treatment of the idiopathic respiratory-distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure. N Engl J Med 284(24):1333\u20131340","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"63","key":"7116_CR2","volume":"16","author":"Care of Preterm or Low Birthweight Infants Group","year":"2023","unstructured":"Care of Preterm or Low Birthweight Infants Group (2023) New World Health Organization recommendations for care of preterm or low birth weight infants: health policy. EClin Med 16(63):102155","journal-title":"EClinical Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"7116_CR3","volume":"11","author":"R Prakash","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prakash R, De Paoli AG, Oddie SJ, Davis PG, McGuire W (2022) Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(11):CD015129","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"7116_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031128","volume":"10","author":"JE Dewez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dewez JE, Nangia S, Chellani H, White S, Mathai M, van den Broek N (2020) Availability and use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for neonatal care in public health facilities in India: a cross-sectional cluster survey. BMJ Open 10(2):e031128","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"7116_CR5","volume-title":"Facility based newborn care operational guidelines","author":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2011) Facility based newborn care operational guidelines. Government of India, New Delhi"},{"key":"7116_CR6","volume-title":"Toolkit for setting up special newborn care units, stabilisation units and newborn care corners","author":"UNICEF","year":"2007","unstructured":"UNICEF (2007) Toolkit for setting up special newborn care units, stabilisation units and newborn care corners. UNICEF, New York"},{"key":"7116_CR7","volume-title":"Service standards for hospitals providing neonatal care","author":"British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM)","year":"2010","unstructured":"British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM) (2010) Service standards for hospitals providing neonatal care. British Association of Perinatal Medicine, London"},{"issue":"1","key":"7116_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v36i1.7","volume":"36","author":"MF Deveci","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deveci MF, Dag YS, Alagoz M et al (2024) Comparison of two different nasal interfaces used in non-invasive respiratory support in terms of neonate comfort. Malawi Med J 36(1):43\u201347","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"7116_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-018-0049-3","volume":"38","author":"AB Hedstrom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hedstrom AB, Gove NE, Mayock DE, Batra M (2018) Performance of the Silverman Andersen Respiratory Severity Score in predicting PCO2and respiratory support in newborns: a prospective cohort study. J Perinatol 38(5):505\u2013511","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"7116_CR10","unstructured":"Khurmi M, Khera A, Prabhkar P (2011) Facility based newborn care operational guidelines (FBNC): Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Available from:\u00a0https:\/\/nhm.gov.in\/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=484&lid=754 (cited\u00a019 May 2023)"},{"key":"7116_CR11","unstructured":"National Neonatology Forum. Surfactant replacement therapy in neonates [Internet]. [India]: NNF; 2021 [cited 2021\u00a0Dec]. (Clinical practice guideline [CPG]). Available from: http:\/\/www.nnfi.org\/assests\/upload\/usefull-links-pdf\/Surfactant_replacement_therapy_in_neonates-NNFI_CPG_Dec2021.pdf"},{"issue":"12","key":"7116_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0769-9","volume":"52","author":"S Goel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goel S, Mondkar J, Panchal H, Hegde D, Utture A, Manerkar S (2015) Nasal mask versus nasal prongs for delivering nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants with respiratory distress: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr 52(12):1035\u20131040","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"7116_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/jcn.JCN_8_19","volume":"8","author":"S Prakash","year":"2019","unstructured":"Prakash S, Dubey A, Malik S (2019) Nasal prongs vs mask as CPAP interface in preterms: a RCT. J Clin Neonatol 8(3):147","journal-title":"J Clin Neonatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7116_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.3579","volume":"175","author":"O Hochwald","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hochwald O, Riskin A, Borenstein-Levin L et al (2021) Cannula with long and narrow tubing vs short binasal prongs for noninvasive ventilation in preterm infants: noninferiority randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr 175(1):36\u201343","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"7116_CR15","unstructured":"Noninferiority clinical trials to establish effectiveness: guidance for industry. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Maryland, USA; 2016. Available: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/78504\/download"},{"issue":"24","key":"7116_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.87802","volume":"308","author":"G Piaggio","year":"2012","unstructured":"Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Pocock SJ, Evans SJW, Altman DG, CONSORT Group (2012) Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement. JAMA 308(24):2594\u20132604","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"7116_CR17","unstructured":"Sealed Envelope Power (sample size) calculators. https:\/\/www.sealedenvelope.com\/power\/binary-noninferior\/\u00a0[Ref list].\u00a0Accessed Dec 22 2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"7116_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.26608","volume":"58","author":"R Gupta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gupta R, Bandyopadhyay T, Yadav B, Guleria M, Maria A (2023) Sonographic assessment of diaphragmatic thickness and excursion to predict CPAP failure in neonates below 34 weeks of gestation: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Pulmonol 58(10):2889\u20132898","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"7","key":"7116_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24752","volume":"55","author":"D Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma D, Murki S, Maram S et al (2020) Comparison of delivered distending pressures in the oropharynx in preterm infant on bubble CPAP and on three different nasal interfaces. Pediatr Pulmonol 55(7):1631\u20131639","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"12","key":"7116_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1651268","volume":"34","author":"IK Gokce","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gokce IK, Kaya H, Ozdemir R (2021) A randomized trial comparing the short binasal prong to the RAM cannula for noninvasive ventilation support of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 34(12):1868\u20131874","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"7116_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boix H, Fern\u00e1ndez C, Serrano Mart\u00edn MDM, Arruza L, Concheiro A, Gimeno A, S\u00e1nchez A, Rite S, Jim\u00e9nez F, M\u00e9ndez P, Ag\u00fcera JJ, VENTIS study research group  (2023) Failure of early non-invasive ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome in current care practice in Spanish level-III neonatal intensive care units - a prospective observational study. Front Pediatr 11:1098971","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1098971"},{"issue":"12","key":"7116_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04620-7","volume":"181","author":"SK Samim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samim SK, Debata PK, Yadav A, Kumar J, Anand P, Garg M (2022) RAM cannula versus short binasal prongs for nasal continuous positive airway pressure delivery in preterm infants: a randomized, noninferiority trial from low-middle-income country. Eur J Pediatr 181(12):4111\u20134119","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"7116_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23197","volume":"51","author":"JS Gerdes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gerdes JS, Sivieri EM, Abbasi S (2016) Factors influencing delivered mean airway pressure during nasal CPAP with the RAM cannula. Pediatr Pulmonol 51(1):60\u201369","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"1","key":"7116_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1159\/000493156","volume":"115","author":"CC Claassen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Claassen CC, Hillman NH, Brown K, Williams HL, Strand ML (2019) Comparison of bubble CPAP devices using RAM cannula for extubation failure in very low birth weight infants: randomized and cohort studies. Neonatology 115(1):28\u201335","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"7116_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000157721.66812.07","volume":"57","author":"JJ Pillow","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pillow JJ, Travadi JN (2005) Bubble CPAP: is the noise important? An in vitro study. Pediatr Res 57(6):826\u2013830","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"7116_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-024-05211-0","volume":"92","author":"J Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar J, Meena J, Debata P, Sundaram V, Dutta S, Kumar P (2025) RAM cannula versus short binasal prongs for non-invasive ventilation in preterm infants: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Pediatr 92(10):1075\u20131084","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"7116_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-025-05725-1","volume":"92","author":"D Chawla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chawla D (2025) RAM cannula vs. short binasal prongs: a question of superiority or non-inferiority? Indian J Pediatr 92(10):1045\u20131046","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"7116_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr5077","volume":"16","author":"M Al-Lawama","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Lawama M, Alaraj B, Abu Zahra M et al (2024) RAM cannula versus bi-nasal prongs as respiratory device interfaces in neonates of thirty-two or more weeks of gestation with respiratory distress: the first \u201cProRAM\u201d randomized trial report. J Clin Med Res 16(1):24\u201330","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07116-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07116-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07116-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T10:26:04Z","timestamp":1784283964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07116-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["7116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07116-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of VMMC & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi (Ref. No. IEC\/VMMC\/SJH\/Cert.\/04\/2024\u2013224).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the parents.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from parents or authorized legal representatives of all newborns who participated in the study for publication of anonymous patients\u2019 data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"472"}}