{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:51:24Z","timestamp":1784771484757,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-07140-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:34:12Z","timestamp":1783107252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Consensus statement on the use of standardized early mobilization in pediatric patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Di Nardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Poletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezio","family":"Bonanomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Carbonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Conio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Zardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Massa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Finazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Amigoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Sagredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Paluzzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Reia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Pallotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Recchiuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lampugnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geremia Zito","family":"Marinosci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"L\u2019Erario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Moliterni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Bianzina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gorghelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Schirru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Moncada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Mondardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Italian Society of Neonatal, Pediatric Anesthesia, Intensive Care (SARNePI)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"7140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.06.011","volume":"64","author":"JA Heneghan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heneghan JA, Pollack MM (2017) Morbidity: changing the outcome paradigm for pediatric critical care. Pediatr Clin North Am 64:1147\u20131165","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"7140_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.21037\/tp.2018.09.02","volume":"7","author":"TC Walker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walker TC, Kudchadkar SR (2018) Early mobilization in the pediatric intensive care unit. Transl Pediatr 7:308\u2013313","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-324","volume":"10","author":"BM Morrow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morrow BM (2021) Building a culture of early mobilization in the pediatric intensive care unit-a nuts and bolts approach. Transl Pediatr 10:2845\u20132857","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72","volume":"41","author":"J Barr","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, Ely EW, G\u00e9linas C, Dasta JF, Davidson JE, Devlin JW, Kress JP, Joffe AM, Coursin DB, Herr DL, Tung A, Robinson BR, Fontaine DK, Ramsay MA, Riker RR, Sessler CN, Pun B, Skrobik Y, Jaeschke R (2013) Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 41:263\u2013306","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000006574","volume":"53","author":"K Lewis","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lewis K, Balas MC, Stollings JL, McNett M, Girard TD, Chanques G, Kho ME, Pandharipande PP, Weinhouse GL, Brummel NE, Chlan LL, Cordoza M, Duby JJ, G\u00e9linas C, Hall-Melnychuk EL, Krupp A, Louzon PR, Tate JA, Young B, Jennings R, Hines A, Ross C, Carayannopoulos KL, Aldrich JM (2025) A focused update to the clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, anxiety, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med 53:e711\u2013e727","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e546","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001329","volume":"18","author":"K Choong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choong K, Awladthani S, Khawaji A, Clark H, Borhan A, Cheng J, Laskey S, Neu C, Sarti A, Thabane L, Timmons BW, Zheng K, Al-Harbi S (2017) Early exercise in critically ill youth and children, a preliminary evaluation: the wEECYCLE Pilot Trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med 18:e546\u2013e554","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003343","volume":"25","author":"K Choong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choong K, Fraser DD, Al-Farsi A, Awlad Thani S, Cameron S, Clark H, Cuello C, Debigar\u00e9 S, Ewusie J, Kennedy K, Kho ME, Krasevich K, Martin CM, Thabane L, Nanji J, Watts C, Simpson A, Todt A, Wong J, Xie F, Vu M, Cupido C (2024) Early rehabilitation in critically ill children: a two center implementation study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 25:92\u2013105","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.788997","volume":"9","author":"M Di Nardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Nardo M, Boldrini F, Broccati F, Cancani F, Satta T, Stoppa F, Genuini L, Zampini G, Perdichizzi S, Bottari G, Fischer M, Gawronski O, Bonetti A, Piermarini I, Recchiuti V, Leone P, Rossi A, Tabarini P, Biasucci D, Villani A, Raponi M, Cecchetti C, Choong K (2021) The LiberAction Project: implementation of a pediatric liberation bundle to screen delirium, reduce benzodiazepine sedation, and provide early mobilization in a human resource-limited pediatric intensive care unit. Front Pediatr 9:788997","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e559","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000983","volume":"17","author":"B Wieczorek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wieczorek B, Ascenzi J, Kim Y, Lenker H, Potter C, Shata NJ, Mitchell L, Haut C, Berkowitz I, Pidcock F, Hoch J, Malamed C, Kravitz T, Kudchadkar SR (2016) PICU Up!: impact of a quality improvement intervention to promote early mobilization in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 17:e559\u2013e566","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004291","volume":"48","author":"SR Kudchadkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kudchadkar SR, Nelliot A, Awojoodu R, Vaidya D, Traube C, Walker T, Needham DM (2020) Physical rehabilitation in critically ill children: a multicenter point prevalence study in the United States. Crit Care Med 48:634\u2013644","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02988-2","volume":"24","author":"E Ista","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ista E, Scholefield BR, Manning JC, Harth I, Gawronski O, Bartkowska-\u015aniatkowska A, Ramelet AS, Kudchadkar SR (2020) Mobilization practices in critically ill children: a European point prevalence study (EU PARK-PICU). Crit Care 24:368","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentry\u00a0ME (1982) Consensus as a form of decision making. J Soc Soc Welfare 9:233\u2013244","DOI":"10.15453\/0191-5096.1524"},{"key":"7140_CR13","unstructured":"Kathryn F (2001) The Rand\/UCLA appropriateness method user's manual. Rand, Santa Monica"},{"key":"7140_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1152","volume":"352","author":"MC Brouwers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brouwers MC, Kerkvliet K, Spithoff K (2016) The AGREE Reporting Checklist: a tool to improve reporting of clinical practice guidelines. BMJ 352:i1152","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7140_CR15","first-page":"24","volume":"105","author":"J Knight","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knight J, Nigam Y, Jones A (2009) Effects of bedrest 2: gastrointestinal, endocrine, renal, reproductive and nervous systems. Nurs Times 105:24\u201327","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"7140_CR16","first-page":"16","volume":"105","author":"J Knight","year":"2009","unstructured":"Knight J, Nigam Y, Jones A (2009) Effects of bedrest 1: cardiovascular, respiratory and haematological systems. Nurs Times 105:16\u201320","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"7140_CR17","first-page":"18","volume":"105","author":"Y Nigam","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nigam Y, Knight J, Jones A (2009) Effects of bedrest 3: musculoskeletal and immune systems, skin and self-perception. Nurs Times 105:18\u201322","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"7140_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4612-0","volume":"43","author":"CJ Tipping","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tipping CJ, Harrold M, Holland A, Romero L, Nisbet T, Hodgson CL (2017) The effects of active mobilisation and rehabilitation in ICU on mortality and function: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 43:171\u2013183","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601424","volume":"7","author":"K Choong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choong K, Canci F, Clark H, Hopkins RO, Kudchadkar SR, Lati J, Morrow B, Neu C, Wieczorek B, Zebuhr C (2018) Practice recommendations for early mobilization in critically ill children. J Pediatr Intensive Care 7:14\u201326","journal-title":"J Pediatr Intensive Care"},{"key":"7140_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04253-0","volume":"27","author":"B Fazzini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fazzini B, M\u00e4rkl T, Costas C, Blobner M, Schaller SJ, Prowle J, Puthucheary Z, Wackerhage H (2023) The rate and assessment of muscle wasting during critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 27:2","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000098886.90030.67","volume":"61","author":"BL Banwell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Banwell BL, Mildner RJ, Hassall AC, Becker LE, Vajsar J, Shemie SD (2003) Muscle weakness in critically ill children. Neurology 61:1779\u20131782","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"7140_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pcc.0000256623.01254.40","volume":"8","author":"S Williams","year":"2007","unstructured":"Williams S, Horrocks IA, Ouvrier RA, Gillis J, Ryan MM (2007) Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in pediatric intensive care: a review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 8:18\u201322","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","volume":"46","author":"JW Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, G\u00e9linas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJC, Pandharipande PP, Watson PL et al (2018) Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med 46:e825\u2013e873","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000002873","volume":"23","author":"HAB Smith","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith HAB, Besunder JB, Betters KA, Johnson PN, Srinivasan V, Stormorken A, Farrington E et al (2022) 2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine clinical practice guidelines on prevention and management of pain, agitation, neuromuscular blockade, and delirium in critically ill pediatric patients with consideration of the ICU environment and early mobility. Pediatr Crit Care Med 23:e74\u2013e110","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s44158-022-00036-9","volume":"2","author":"A Amigoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amigoni A, Conti G, Conio A, Corno M, Fazio PC, Ferrero F, Gentili M, Giugni C, L\u2019Erario M, Masola M, Moliterni P, Pagano G, Ricci Z, Romagnoli S, Vasile B, Vitale F, Marinosci GZ, Mondardini MC (2022) Recommendations for analgesia and sedation in critically ill children admitted to intensive care unit. J Anesth Analg Crit Care 2:9","journal-title":"J Anesth Analg Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR26","first-page":"183","volume":"1","author":"K Choong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choong K, Tran N, Clark H, Cupido C, Corsi DJ (2012) Acute rehabilitation in critically ill children. J Pediatr Intensive Care 1:183\u2013192","journal-title":"J Pediatr Intensive Care"},{"key":"7140_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2016.12.005","volume":"33","author":"A Marra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marra A, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Patel MB (2017) The ABCDEF bundle in critical care. Crit Care Clin 33:225\u2013243","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"7140_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shu Wen Toh T, R RP, Ho KHY, Sultana R, Couban R, Choong K, Lee JH (2024) Daily sedation interruption vs continuous sedation in pediatric patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 7:e2426225","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.26225"},{"key":"7140_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12165191","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Morisawa T, Okamoto H, Nakanishi N, Matsumoto N, Saitoh M, Takahashi T, Fujiwara T (2023) Diaphragm dysfunction and ICU-acquired weakness in septic shock patients with or without mechanical ventilation: a pilot prospective observational study. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12165191","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"7140_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-03957-7","volume":"26","author":"M Daverio","year":"2022","unstructured":"Daverio M, von Borell F, Ramelet AS, Sperotto F, Pokorna P, Brenner S, Mondardini MC, Tibboel D, Amigoni A, Ista E (2022) Pain and sedation management and monitoring in pediatric intensive care units across Europe: an ESPNIC survey. Crit Care 26:88","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000960","volume":"32","author":"EJ Siegel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siegel EJ, Traube C (2020) Pediatric delirium: epidemiology and outcomes. Curr Opin Pediatr 32:743\u2013749","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001547","volume":"19","author":"K Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng K, Sarti A, Boles S, Cameron S, Carlisi R, Clark H, Khawaji A, Awladthani S, Al-Harbi S, Choong K (2018) Impressions of early mobilization of critically ill children-clinician, patient, and family perspectives. Pediatr Crit Care Med 19:e350\u2013e357","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.028","volume":"39","author":"P Nydahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nydahl P, Schuchhardt D, J\u00fcttner F, Dubb R, Hermes C, Kaltwasser A, Mende H, M\u00fcller-Wolff T, Rothaug O, Schreiber T (2020) Caloric consumption during early mobilisation of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units. Clin Nutr 39:2442\u20132447","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"7140_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-024-07532-2","volume":"50","author":"SJ Schaller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schaller SJ, Scheffenbichler FT, Bein T, Blobner M, Grunow JJ, Hamsen U, Hermes C, Kaltwasser A, Lewald H, Nydahl P, Rei\u00dfhauer A, Renzewitz L, Siemon K, Staudinger T, Ullrich R, Weber-Carstens S, Wrigge H, Zergiebel D, Coldewey SM (2024) Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel. Intensive Care Med 50:1211\u20131227","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20190038","volume":"31","author":"TC Piva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piva TC, Ferrari RS, Schaan CW (2019) Early mobilization protocols for critically ill pediatric patients: systematic review. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva 31:248\u2013257","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Intensiva"},{"key":"7140_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4037\/ccn2019231","volume":"39","author":"L Ortmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ortmann L, Dey A (2019) Early mobilization of infants intubated for acute respiratory failure. Crit Care Nurse 39:47\u201352","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurse"},{"key":"7140_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pq9.0000000000000256","volume":"5","author":"JM Herbsman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Herbsman JM, D\u2019Agati M, Klein D, O\u2019Donnell S, Corcoran JR, Folks TD, Al-Qaqaa YM (2020) Early mobilization in the pediatric intensive care unit: a quality improvement initiative. Pediatr Qual Saf 5:e256","journal-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf"},{"key":"7140_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.07.037","volume":"203","author":"CA Cuello-Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cuello-Garcia CA, Mai SHC, Simpson R, Al-Harbi S, Choong K (2018) Early mobilization in critically ill children: a systematic review. J Pediatr 203:25-33.e26","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021053432","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053432","volume":"149","author":"JM LaRosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"LaRosa JM, Nelliot A, Zaidi M, Vaidya D, Awojoodu R, Kudchadkar SR (2022) Mobilization safety of critically ill children. Pediatrics 149:e2021053432","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"7140_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.645716","volume":"11","author":"S Ghafoor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghafoor S, Fan K, Williams S, Brown A, Bowman S, Pettit KL, Gorantla S et al (2021) Beginning restorative activities very early: implementation of an early mobility initiative in a pediatric onco-critical care unit. Front Oncol 11:645716","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"7140_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12761","volume":"28","author":"TZD Adel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adel TZD, van Dijk M, de Heer M, Hoekstra S, Steenhorst J, van Rosmalen J, Verbruggen S, Toussaint-Duyster L, Ista E (2023) Quality improvement intervention to stimulate early mobilisation of critically ill children. Nurs Crit Care 28:545\u2013553","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.03.032","volume":"30","author":"S Cameron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cameron S, Ball I, Cepinskas G, Choong K, Doherty TJ, Ellis CG, Martin CM, Mele TS, Sharpe M, Shoemaker JK, Fraser DD (2015) Early mobilization in the critical care unit: a review of adult and pediatric literature. J Crit Care 30:664\u2013672","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617728486","volume":"35","author":"A Sibilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sibilla A, Nydahl P, Greco N, Mungo G, Ott N, Unger I, Rezek S, Gemperle S, Needham DM, Kudchadkar SR (2020) Mobilization of mechanically ventilated patients in Switzerland. J Intensive Care Med 35:55\u201362","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2017.08.004","volume":"41","author":"KA Betters","year":"2017","unstructured":"Betters KA, Hebbar KB, Farthing D, Griego B, Easley T, Turman H, Perrino L, Sparacino S, deAlmeida ML (2017) Development and implementation of an early mobility program for mechanically ventilated pediatric patients. J Crit Care 41:303\u2013308","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/02676591241240377","volume":"40","author":"M Cucchi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cucchi M, Mariani S, Kawczynski MJ, Shkurka E, Ius F, Comentale G, Hoskote A, Lorusso R (2025) Individual patient data meta-analysis on awake pediatric extracorporeal life support: feasibility and safety of analgesia, sedation and respiratory support weaning, and physiotherapy. Perfusion 40:371\u2013383","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"7140_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.02.036","volume":"106","author":"AH Hakim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakim AH, Ahmad U, McCurry KR, Johnston DR, Pettersson GB, Budev M, Murthy S, Blackstone EH, Tong MZ (2018) Contemporary outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation used as bridge to lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 106:192\u2013198","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"7140_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/petr.14579","volume":"28","author":"A Herrera-Camino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Herrera-Camino A, Sweet SC, Pendino R, Brill Chod K, Eghtesady P, Gazit AZ, Lin JC (2024) Lung Re-transplantation after prolonged veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in a child with chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Pediatr Transplant 28:e14579","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"7140_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/02676591221132676","volume":"39","author":"E Shkurka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shkurka E, Child H, Balls J, Melkhuln E, Carter L, Compton V, Marscheider R, McConnell R, Meenaghan S, Milburn N, Nugent G, Peabody G, Rimmer L (2024) Early rehabilitation and mobilisation of neonatal and paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients: a UK and Ireland consensus document. Perfusion 39:174\u2013181","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"7140_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0267659120923880","volume":"36","author":"N Vijayakumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vijayakumar N, Badheka A, Chegondi M, McLennan D (2021) Successful use of Protek Duo cannula to provide veno-venous extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation and right ventricular support for acute respiratory distress syndrome in an adolescent with complex congenital heart disease. Perfusion 36:200\u2013203","journal-title":"Perfusion"},{"key":"7140_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/CNQ.0000000000000210","volume":"41","author":"T Owens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Owens T, Tapley C (2018) Pediatric mobility: the development of standard assessments and interventions for pediatric patients for safe patient handling and mobility. Crit Care Nurs Q 41:314\u2013322","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Q"},{"key":"7140_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pq9.0000000000000414","volume":"6","author":"SG Ames","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ames SG, Alessi LJ, Chrisman M, Stanger M, Corboy D, Sinha A, Fink EL (2021) Development and implementation of pediatric ICU-based mobility guidelines: a quality improvement initiative. Pediatr Qual Saf 6:e414","journal-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf"},{"key":"7140_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000190617.76104.AC","volume":"34","author":"JR Curtis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Curtis JR, Cook DJ, Wall RJ, Angus DC, Bion J, Kacmarek R, Kane-Gill SL, Kirchhoff KT, Levy M, Mitchell PH, Moreno R, Pronovost P, Puntillo K (2006) Intensive care unit quality improvement: a \u201chow-to\u201d guide for the interdisciplinary team. Crit Care Med 34:211\u2013218","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1987","volume":"124","author":"MM Pollack","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pollack MM, Holubkov R, Glass P, Dean JM, Meert KL, Zimmerman J, Anand KJ, Carcillo J, Newth CJ, Harrison R, Willson DF, Nicholson C (2009) Functional Status Scale: new pediatric outcome measure. Pediatrics 124:e18-28","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"7140_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1177\/000992289403300708","volume":"33","author":"ME Msall","year":"1994","unstructured":"Msall ME, DiGaudio K, Rogers BT, LaForest S, Catanzaro NL, Campbell J, Wilczenski F, Duffy LC (1994) The Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM). Conceptual basis and pilot use in children with developmental disabilities. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 33:421\u2013430","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"7140_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.5316","volume":"168","author":"MM Pollack","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pollack MM, Holubkov R, Funai T, Clark A, Moler F, Shanley T, Meert K, Newth CJ, Carcillo J, Berger JT, Doctor A, Berg RA, Dalton H, Wessel DL, Harrison RE, Dean JM, Jenkins TL (2014) Relationship between the functional status scale and the pediatric overall performance category and pediatric cerebral performance category scales. JAMA Pediatr 168:671\u2013676","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000706","volume":"17","author":"C Ong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ong C, Lee JH, Leow MK, Puthucheary ZA (2016) Functional outcomes and physical impairments in pediatric critical care survivors: a scoping review. Pediatr Crit Care Med 17:e247-259","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051759","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1051759","volume":"11","author":"YH Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang YH, Zhang TN, Yang N, Xu W, Wang LJ, Gao SY, Liu CF (2023) Functional status of pediatric patients with trauma and risk factors for mortality from a single center in China. Front Pediatr 11:1051759","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"7140_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001070","volume":"18","author":"NP Pinto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinto NP, Rhinesmith EW, Kim TY, Ladner PH, Pollack MM (2017) Long-term function after pediatric critical illness: results from the survivor outcomes study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 18:e122\u2013e130","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2017.08.006","volume":"35","author":"P Madurga-Revilla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madurga-Revilla P, L\u00f3pez-Pis\u00f3n J, Samper-Villagrasa P, Garc\u00e9s-G\u00f3mez R, Garc\u00eda-\u00cd\u00f1iguez JP, Dom\u00ednguez-Cajal M, Gil-Hern\u00e1ndez I, Viscor-Z\u00e1rate S (2020) Functional assessment of a series of paediatric patients receiving neurointensive treatment: new functional status scale. Neurologia (Engl Ed) 35:311\u2013317","journal-title":"Neurologia (Engl Ed)"},{"key":"7140_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-022-00600-z","volume":"10","author":"DP Pozuelo-Carrascosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Cobo-Cuenca AI, Carmona-Torres JM, Laredo-Aguilera JA, Santacruz-Salas E, Fernandez-Rodriguez R (2022) Body position for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia for critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Intensive Care 10:9","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"7140_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-14814020","volume":"7","author":"JS Garland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garland JS, Alex CP, Johnston N, Yan JC, Werlin SL (2014) Association between tracheal pepsin, a reliable marker of gastric aspiration, and head of bed elevation among ventilated neonates. J Neonatal Perinatal Med 7:185\u2013192","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med"},{"key":"7140_CR62","first-page":"10","volume":"20","author":"I Chang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chang I, Schibler A (2016) Ventilator associated pneumonia in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 20:10\u201316","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"7140_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005941","volume":"51","author":"N Nakanishi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nakanishi N, Yoshihiro S, Kawamura Y, Aikawa G, Shida H, Shimizu M, Fujinami Y, Matsuoka A, Watanabe S, Taito S, Inoue S (2023) Effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients with critical illness: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 51:1386\u20131396","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1298\/ptr.E10291","volume":"27","author":"Y Morooka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Morooka Y, Kunisawa Y, Okubo Y, Takakura Y (2024) Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation for quadriceps muscle thickness and lower extremity motor score in individuals with subacute incomplete cervical spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther Res 27:136\u2013143","journal-title":"Phys Ther Res"},{"key":"7140_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.01.029","volume":"105","author":"MJ Metzler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Metzler MJ, Blaufuss M, Dean S, Levy TJ, Duff SV (2024) Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for children with stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 105:191\u2013195","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"7140_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2023.07.020","volume":"73","author":"CE Noone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Noone CE, Franck LS, Staveski SL, Rehm RS (2023) Overcoming patient safety concerns and integrating early mobility into pediatric intensive care unit nursing practice. J Pediatr Nurs 73:e107\u2013e115","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"7140_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666231220558","volume":"39","author":"A McCudden","year":"2024","unstructured":"McCudden A, Valdivia HR, Di Gennaro JL, Berika L, Zimmerman J, Dervan LA (2024) Barriers to implementing the ICU liberation bundle in a single-center pediatric and cardiac ICUs. J Intensive Care Med 39:558\u2013566","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318287f592","volume":"41","author":"K Choong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choong K, Koo KK, Clark H, Chu R, Thabane L, Burns KE, Cook DJ, Herridge MS, Meade MO (2013) Early mobilization in critically ill children: a survey of Canadian practice. Crit Care Med 41:1745\u20131753","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"7140_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.12841","volume":"28","author":"BM Geven","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geven BM, Maaskant JM, van Woensel JBM, Verbruggen S, Ista E (2023) Barriers and perceived benefits of early mobilisation programmes in Dutch paediatric intensive care units. Nurs Crit Care 28:519\u2013525","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pq9.0000000000000369","volume":"6","author":"N Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta N, Sones A, Powell M, Robbins J, Wilson S, Hill A, Thomas C, Ledbetter S, Schmidtke AG, Rutledge C, Hayes L (2021) Quality improvement methodology to optimize safe early mobility in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Qual Saf 6:e369","journal-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf"},{"key":"7140_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nicc.13215","volume":"30","author":"JM LaRosa","year":"2025","unstructured":"LaRosa JM, Lenker H, Azamfirei R, Morgenstern S, Hajnik K, Mennie C, Wieczorek B, Brown KM, Shilkofski N, Kudchadkar SR (2025) Development and evaluation of a simulation-based early-mobility curriculum for paediatric intensive care nurses. Nurs Crit Care 30:e13215","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2005.14.1.71","volume":"14","author":"S Vazirani","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vazirani S, Hays RD, Shapiro MF, Cowan M (2005) Effect of a multidisciplinary intervention on communication and collaboration among physicians and nurses. Am J Crit Care 14:71\u201377","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"key":"7140_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3449","volume":"15","author":"BT Soberano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Soberano BT, Brady P, Yunger T, Jones R, Stoneman E, Sosa T, Stalets EL, Zackoff M, Chima R, Tegtmeyer K, Dewan M (2020) The effects of care team roles on situation awareness in the pediatric intensive care unit: a prospective cross-sectional study. J Hosp Med 15:594\u2013597","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"7140_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnc.2017.01.009","volume":"29","author":"TL Bogue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bogue TL, Mohr L (2017) Putting the family back in the center: a teach-back protocol to improve communication during rounds in a pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 29:233\u2013250","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"7140_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000003621","volume":"25","author":"AE Butler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Butler AE, Krall F, Shinewald A, Manning JC, Choong K, Dryden-Palmer K (2024) Family-centered care in the PICU: strengthening partnerships in pediatric critical care medicine. Pediatr Crit Care Med 25:1192\u20131198","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07140-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07140-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07140-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:03:54Z","timestamp":1784286234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07140-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["7140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07140-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 May 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"550"}}