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This narrative review synthesizes the evolution of neurodevelopmental and neuroprotective care across neonatal (NICU), pediatric (PICU), and cardiovascular (CVICU\/PCICU) intensive care settings. Developmental care emerged in the NICU through individualized, cue\u2011based approaches such as the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP), emphasizing stress reduction, protection of sleep, optimized sensory environments, and parent\u2013infant coregulation. As survivorship after critical illness improved, parallel concerns about post\u2011intensive care morbidities, including cognitive, behavioral, and functional impairments, catalyzed adoption of family\u2011centered and brain\u2011focused practices in the PICU, supported by contemporary guidelines integrating pain and sedation optimization, delirium prevention, environmental stewardship, and early mobility. More recently, dedicated cardiac neurodevelopmental programs have adapted NICU principles to the high\u2011acuity CVICU\/PCICU population, pairing hemodynamic vigilance with developmental goals through structured interdisciplinary models (e.g., developmental rounds, holding protocols, early therapy, feeding support, and caregiver mental health resources). Across settings, common implementation domains include family partnership, cue\u2011based care, protected sleep and circadian support, sensory modulation, humane pain and sedation strategies, early rehabilitation, and coordinated follow\u2011up after discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\u00a0While the strength of evidence varies by unit type and outcome, available data support feasibility and potential benefits for delirium reduction, functional recovery, feeding, parent experience, and early developmental trajectories. Continued multicenter research and implementation science are needed to define optimal bundles, equity\u2011informed delivery, and durable long\u2011term outcomes.\n                      <jats:table-wrap>\n                        <jats:table>\n                          <jats:tbody>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td align=\"left\">\n                                <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Neurodevelopmental care is well established in NICUs, emphasizing cue-based care, pain reduction, environmental protection, and family partnership.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>Survivors of pediatric and cardiac critical illness remain at risk for cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and functional impairments.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                            <jats:tr>\n                              <jats:td align=\"left\">\n                                <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>This review extends neurodevelopmental care beyond the NICU to PICU and CVICU settings.<\/jats:italic>\n                                \u2022\n                                <jats:italic>It proposes a unified multidisciplinary framework for brain-focused critical care across pediatric ICU environments.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <\/jats:td>\n                            <\/jats:tr>\n                          <\/jats:tbody>\n                        <\/jats:table>\n                      <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-07203-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T18:57:03Z","timestamp":1782586623000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neurodevelopmental care across pediatric critical care settings: toward brain-focused critical care"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Sharon","family":"Morag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Wernovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4575-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri","family":"Pollak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"7203_CR1","unstructured":"Als H (2015) Program guide - Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP): an education and training program for health care professionals. 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