{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:56:23Z","timestamp":1790942183234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-07435-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:27:48Z","timestamp":1790940468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic value of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with electrolyte supplementation for pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deqing","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"7435_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elendu C, David JA, Udoyen AO, Egbunu EO, Ogbuiyi-Chima IC, Unakalamba LO et al (2023) Comprehensive review of diabetic ketoacidosis: an update. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 85(6):2802\u20132807 (This literature emphasizes the importance of the definition and treatment of DKA)","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000000894"},{"issue":"9","key":"7435_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2230043","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.30043","volume":"5","author":"IA Bali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bali IA, Al-Jelaify MR, AlRuthia Y, Mulla JZ, Amlih DF, Bin Omair AI et al (2022) Estimated cost-effectiveness of subcutaneous insulin aspart in the management of mild diabetic ketoacidosis among children. JAMA Netw Open 5(9):e2230043","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"7435_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_478_19","volume":"8","author":"MS Eledrisi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eledrisi MS, Elzouki AN (2020) Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults: a narrative review. Saudi J Med Med Sci 8(3):165\u2013173","journal-title":"Saudi J Med Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"7435_CR4","volume":"5","author":"B Forestell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forestell B, Battaglia F, Sharif S, Eltorki M, Samaan MC, Choong K et al (2023) Insulin infusion dosing in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Explor 5(2)","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"10","key":"7435_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1515\/jom-2023-0019","volume":"123","author":"AM Healy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Healy AM, Faherty M, Khan Z, Emara N, Carter C, Scheidemantel A et al (2023) Diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosis in a hospital setting. J Osteopath Med 123(10):499\u2013503","journal-title":"J Osteopath Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"7435_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6812893","volume":"68","author":"M Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou M, Amed S, Goldman RD (2022) Insulin pump complications among children with diabetes. Can Fam Physician 68(12):893\u2013895 (This literature presents the fundamental aspects of CSII)","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"7","key":"7435_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13377","volume":"23","author":"JH Wersall","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wersall JH, Adolfsson P, Forsander G, Hanas R (2022) Insulin pump therapy is associated with higher rates of mild diabetic ketoacidosis compared to injection therapy: a 2-year Swedish national survey of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 23(7):1038\u20131044","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"9","key":"7435_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-3113","volume":"44","author":"A Rewers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rewers A, Kuppermann N, Stoner MJ, Garro A, Bennett JE, Quayle KS et al (2021) Effects of fluid rehydration strategy on correction of acidosis and electrolyte abnormalities in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 44(9):2061\u20132068","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"7435_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13244","volume":"14","author":"Y Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou Y, Xiang J, Dai H, Wang T, Li M, Lin H et al (2022) New clusters of serum electrolytes aid in stratification of diabetes and metabolic risk. J Diabetes 14(2):121\u2013133","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"7435_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152602","author":"E Kostopoulou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kostopoulou E, Sinopidis X, Fouzas S, Gkentzi D, Dassios T, Roupakias S et al (2023) Diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents; diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. Diagnostics (Basel). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13152602","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"7435_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broberg MCG, Rose JA, Slain KN\u00a0(2020) The relationship between estimated median household income and critical care length of stay in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Glob Pediatr Health\u00a07:2333794X20956770","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X20956770"},{"issue":"8","key":"7435_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14595","volume":"38","author":"JC Agwu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agwu JC, Ng SM (2021) Fluid and electrolyte therapy in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis management: a rationale for new national guideline. Diabet Med 38(8)","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"7435_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05436-1","volume":"37","author":"YS Tseng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tseng YS, Swaney N, Cashen K, Jain A, Ma N, Prout A (2022) Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with new onset diabetic ketoacidosis in a child - challenges in fluid and electrolyte management. Pediatr Nephrol 37(9):2209\u20132212","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"7435_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxac119","volume":"28","author":"KE Gripp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gripp KE, Trottier ED, Thakore S, Sniderman J, Lawrence S (2023) Current recommendations for management of paediatric diabetic ketoacidosis. Paediatr Child Health 28(2):128\u2013138 (This literature highlights the crucial role of CSII)","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"7435_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13597","volume":"16","author":"R Ohman-Hanson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ohman-Hanson R, Alonso GT, Pyle L, McDonough R, Clements M (2024) Management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children: does early insulin glargine help improve outcomes? J Diabetes 16(8)","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"7435_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03725-5","volume":"25","author":"J Zieg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zieg J, Ghose S, Raina R (2024) Electrolyte disorders related emergencies in children. BMC Nephrol 25(1):282","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"7435_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050898","author":"A Alshami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alshami A, Purewal T, Douedi S, Alazzawi M, Hossain MA, Ong R et al (2021) Effect of insulin pump use on diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a matched cohort study. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10050898","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"7435_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad068","volume":"108","author":"M Nwokolo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nwokolo M, Hovorka R (2023) The artificial pancreas and type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 108(7):1614\u20131623","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"7435_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020320","author":"G Piuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piuri G, Zocchi M, Della Porta M, Ficara V, Manoni M, Zuccotti GV et al (2021) Magnesium in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13020320","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"7435_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01666-6","volume":"24","author":"A Alnuaimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alnuaimi A, Mach T, Reynier P, Filion KB, Lipes J, Yu OHY (2024) A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing outcomes between using subcutaneous insulin and continuous insulin infusion in managing adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. BMC Endocr Disord 24(1):133","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"7435_CR21","volume":"14","author":"S Grout","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grout S, Maue D, Berrens Z, Swinger N, Malin S (2022) Diabetic ketoacidosis with refractory hypokalemia leading to cardiac arrest. Cureus 14(3)","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"7435_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-01298-4","volume":"19","author":"Z Hamedifard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamedifard Z, Farrokhian A, Reiner Z, Bahmani F, Asemi Z, Ghotbi M et al (2020) The effects of combined magnesium and zinc supplementation on metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Lipids Health Dis 19(1)","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"7435_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-00950-7","volume":"22","author":"CS Alvarenga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alvarenga CS, La Banca RO, Neris RR, de Cassia Sparapani V, Fuentealba-Torres M, Cartagena-Ramos D et al (2022) Use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic mapping review. BMC Endocr Disord 22(1)","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"7435_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2023.04.012","volume":"65","author":"G Wardi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wardi G, Holgren S, Gupta A, Sobel J, Birch A, Pearce A et al (2023) A review of bicarbonate use in common clinical scenarios. J Emerg Med 65(2):e71\u2013e80 (This literature underscores the advantages of CSII)","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"7435_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei D, Yin C, Lu S, Xiong J, Zhu L, Yan S et al (2021) The effect of insulin pump combined with ulinastatin on the levels of PCT, TG, PTX-3, and CX3CL1 in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis and pancreatitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 100(14):e25141 (This literature emphasizes the functional aspects\/roles of CSII)","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025141"},{"issue":"18","key":"7435_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v12.i18.3378","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Gao W, Wang XJ (2024) Comparative effects of insulin pump and injection on gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy outcomes and serum biomarkers. World J Clin Cases 12(18):3378\u20133384","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"3","key":"7435_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2023.06.004","volume":"65","author":"K Stuhr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stuhr K, LeeMaster R, Hickman AW, Reachi B, Pace W, Meek C (2023) Subcutaneous insulin versus traditional intravenous insulin infusion in treatment of mild to moderate diabetic ketoacidosis. J Emerg Med 65(3):e221\u2013e228","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"7435_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-022-00141-2","volume":"8","author":"Y Takahashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Matsuura H, Domi H, Yamamura H (2022) A continuous intravenous insulin infusion protocol to manage high-dose methylprednisolone-induced hyperglycemia in patients with severe COVID-19. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 8(1):4","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07435-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07435-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07435-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T11:27:49Z","timestamp":1790940469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07435-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["7435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00431-026-07435-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-1076"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-1076","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was conducted following the ethical standards set by the Ethics Committee of our hospital and followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants supplied written informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"797"}}