{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:35:39Z","timestamp":1792920939612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Monash University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02bfwt286","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Early energy intake is critical for growth in preterm infants, but evidence on factors affecting energy delivery in middle-income settings is limited. This study identified factors associated with energy intake at 28\u00a0days in preterm infants. Infants with birthweight\u2009\u2264\u20091500\u00a0g and gestational age\u2009&lt;\u200933\u00a0weeks surviving to 28\u00a0days were enrolled. Serial energy and protein intake, growth and morbidities were assessed. Multiple linear and mixed-effects regression evaluated energy intake at 28\u00a0days and longitudinally, respectively. Among 168 infants, mean birthweight was 1113.5 (SD 241.9) g and gestational age 29.3 (SD 2.1) weeks. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) occurred in 31.9% and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) in 4.8%. Full enteral feeding and energy intake of 100\u00a0kcal\/kg\/day were achieved at 16.8 (SD 9.3) and 17.2 (SD 7.4) days, respectively. Energy and protein intake from parenteral and enteral nutrition remained below recommended targets during the first 14\u00a0days, while the protein-energy ratio remained inadequate through day 28. Mean growth velocity to 28\u00a0days was 5.1 (SD 3.6) g\/kg\/day, with a median weight z-score change of\u2009\u2212\u20091.48 (IQR\u2009\u2212\u20091.78 to\u2009\u2212\u20091.27). After adjustment, energy intake at 28\u00a0days was lower in infants with BPD (mean difference\u2009\u2212\u200911.7\u00a0kcal\/kg\/day, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u200923.1 to\u2009\u2212\u20090.4) and NEC (\u2212\u200933.3\u00a0kcal\/kg\/day, 95% CI\u2009\u2212\u200957.3 to\u2009\u2212\u20099.3).\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    :\u00a0Preterm infants experienced suboptimal early energy and protein intake and growth. BPD and NEC were independently associated with lower energy intake at 28\u00a0days, highlighting ongoing nutritional challenges, particularly in preterm infants with major morbidities.\n                    <jats:table-wrap>\n                      <jats:table>\n                        <jats:tbody>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is Known:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Optimal early postnatal growth remains challenging to attain in sick preterm infants.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Recommended energy and protein targets may remain unmet despite structured nutrition protocols.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                          <jats:tr>\n                            <jats:td colspan=\"2\">\n                              <jats:bold>What is New:<\/jats:bold>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Lower energy intake at 28\u00a0days was independently associated with NEC and subsequent development of BPD.<\/jats:italic>\n                              <jats:italic>\u2022 Suboptimal parenteral and enteral nutrient delivery, particularly during the first 14\u00a0days, occurred alongside subsequent growth faltering.<\/jats:italic>\n                            <\/jats:td>\n                          <\/jats:tr>\n                        <\/jats:tbody>\n                      <\/jats:table>\n                    <\/jats:table-wrap>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-026-07529-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T15:40:55Z","timestamp":1792770055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with energy intake at 28\u00a0days in preterm infants: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1495-7666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy Kok-Foo","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shed-Peng","family":"Khor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeevitha","family":"Mariapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliffah","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huey-Ling","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisah","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Nizam Mat","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi Woan-Fei","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Learn-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amutha","family":"Ramadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vengadesh","family":"Letchumanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9946","key":"7529_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","volume":"384","author":"J Villar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Villar J, Cheikh Ismail L, Victora CG, Ohuma EO, Bertino E, Altman DG et al (2014) International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: the Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project. 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