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Therefore, a type of chitosan-molecular beacon (CS-MB) probe was developed to recognize the miR-155-5p and image the lung cancer cells for the early diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on the molecular beacon (MB) technology and nanotechnology, the CS-MB probe was synthesized self-assembly. There are four types of cells\u2014three kinds of animal models and one type of histopathological sections of human lung cancer were utilized as models, including A549, SPC-A1, H446 lung cancer cells, tumor-initiating cells (TICs), subcutaneous and lung xenografts mice, and lox-stop-lox(LSL) K-ras G12D transgenic mice. The transgenic mice dynamically displayed the process from normal lung tissues to atypical hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma in situ, and adenocarcinoma. The different miR-155-5p expression levels in these cells and models were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The CS-MB probe was used to recognize the miR-155-5p and image the lung cancer cells by confocal microscopy in vitro and by living imaging system in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CS-MB probe could be used to recognize the miR-155-5p and image the lung cancer cells significantly in these cells and models. The fluorescence intensity trends detected by the CS-MB probe were similar to the expression levels trends of miR-155 tested by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity showed an increasing trend with the tumor progression in the transgenic mice model, and the occurrence and development of lung cancer were dynamically monitored by the differen fluorescence intensity. In addition, the miR-155-5p in human lung cancer tissues could be detected by the miR-155-5p MB.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that the CS-MB probe could be utilized to recognize the miR-155-5p and image the lung cancer cells. It provided a novel experimental and theoretical basis for the early diagnosis of the disease. Also, the histopathological sections of human lung cancer research laid the foundation for subsequent preclinical studies. In addition, different MBs could be designed to detect other miRNAs for the early diagnosis of other tumors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-020-03246-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T20:02:19Z","timestamp":1590264139000},"page":"1941-1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Detection of miR-155-5p and imaging lung cancer for early diagnosis: in vitro and in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Hai-Zhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ju","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Min","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Feng","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Guo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8548-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng-Tang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3246_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3390\/md17060381","volume":"17","author":"Y Cao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cao Y, Tan YF, Wong YS, Liew MWJ, Venkatraman S (2019) Recent advances in chitosan-based carriers for gene delivery. 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