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These are mostly reversible, but can be life-threatening or even fatal. Currently, the pathogenesis is not fully understood, but crucial for effective treatment. Prediction and early detection of irAE could be facilitated and treatment optimized if relevant biomarkers and effector mechanisms were better characterized.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study included a total of 45 irAE in patients with metastatic melanoma who were treated with ICI. All patients underwent a complete work-up with exclusion of other causes. Longitudinal blood samples were analyzed for a panel of soluble markers and compared to baseline and to patients who did not experience any irAE. Measurements included LDH, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1\u03b2, IL-17, C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as well as tumor markers S100 and melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>During the early onset of irAE increases in serum IL-6 (from mean 24.4\u00a0pg\/ml at baseline to 51.0\u00a0pg\/ml; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and CRP (from mean 7.0\u00a0mg\/l at baseline to 17.7\u00a0mg\/l; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and a decrease in MIA (from mean 5.4\u00a0pg\/ml at baseline to 4.8\u00a0pg\/ml; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035) were detected. No changes in IL-17 were noted. These effects were observed for irAE of different organ systems.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Increases of a combination of IL-6 and CRP serum levels can be used for the early detection of irAE and tailored management. Interestingly, changes in MIA serum levels also correlate with irAE onset.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03550-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T15:03:32Z","timestamp":1618067012000},"page":"1623-1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Inflammatory markers in autoimmunity induced by checkpoint inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"147","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-1014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Husain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Constantin","family":"Kirchberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Erdmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Sch\u00fcpferling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir-Reza","family":"Abolhassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waltraud","family":"Fr\u00f6hlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola","family":"Berking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4587-007X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucie","family":"Heinzerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"3550_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-019-03002-1","volume":"145","author":"AR Abolhassani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abolhassani AR, Schuler G, Kirchberger MC, Heinzerling L (2019) C-reactive protein as an early marker of immune-related adverse events. 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ME has served on an advisory board by BMS and received honoraria from Roche. CB has served on advisory boards and\/or received honoraria for presentations from Amgen, BMS, Merck, MSD, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and Sanofi-Aventis. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institutional review board of the medical faculty of the University Erlangen and all procedures performed in studies were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declarations.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors consented the last version of this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}