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We investigated demographic, lifestyle and health-related exposures for LC among never-smoking Australians.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using the prospective 45 and Up Study with 267,153 New South Wales (NSW) residents aged\u2009\u2265\u200945\u00a0years at recruitment (2006\u20132009), we quantified the relationship of 20 potential exposures with LC among cancer-free participants at baseline who self-reported never smoking. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for incident LC were estimated using Cox regression. The NSW Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk (CLEAR) Study, a case\u2013control study including 10,781 NSW residents aged\u2009\u2265\u200918\u00a0years (2006\u20132014), was used to examine 16 potential LC exposures among cancer-free never-smoking participants. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI of LC were estimated using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There were 226 LC cases among 132,354 cancer-free 45 and Up Study participants who reported never smoking, with a median follow-up of 5.41\u00a0years. The CLEAR Study had 58 LC cases and 1316 cancer-free controls who had never smoked. Analyses of both datasets showed that Asian-born participants had a higher risk of LC than those born elsewhere: cohort, adjusted HR\u2009=\u20092.83 (95% CI 1.64\u20134.89) and case\u2013control, adjusted OR\u2009=\u20093.78 (1.19\u201312.05). No significant association with LC was found for other exposures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings support the growing evidence that never-smoking, Asian-born individuals are at higher risk of developing LC than those born elsewhere. Ethnicity could be considered when assessing potential LC risk among never-smoking individuals.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04043-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T03:43:11Z","timestamp":1653622991000},"page":"2827-2840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluating risk factors for lung cancer among never-smoking individuals using two Australian studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"148","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-196X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvin S.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5731-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne F.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-2312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6443-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Canfell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8638-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue Qin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4043_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181d6e124","volume":"5","author":"GK Antony","year":"2010","unstructured":"Antony GK, Bertino E, Franklin M, Otterson GA, Dudek AZ (2010) Small cell lung cancer in never smokers: report of two cases. 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The VCS Foundation received equipment and a funding contribution for the Compass trial from Roche Molecular Systems and Ventana USA. However, neither KC nor her institution on her behalf (Cancer Council NSW) has received direct or indirect funding from industry for Compass or any other project. All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This analysis was covered by ethics approval from the NSW Population and Health Services Research Ethics Committee (HREC\/14\/CIPHS\/54) for the 45 and Up Study data and (HREC\/14\/CIPHS\/36) for the CLEAR Study data. All procedures were performed in accordance with the principles laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki; and the recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}