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Patients were divided into two groups. In Group A, patients received chemotherapy and radiotherapy for brain metastases. In Group B, patients received chemotherapy, radiotherapy for brain metastases and at least four cycles of immunotherapy. Overall survival and intracranial progression-free survival were assessed using Kaplan\u2013Meier estimates and Cox regression models.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 282 patients were enrolled in our study. At the end of the study (May 12, 2021), the median overall survival was 13.3\u00a0months among 218 patients in Group A and 33.4\u00a0months among 64 patients in Group B (hazards ratio [HR] 0.320, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.189\u20130.545, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Both univariate and multivariate analyses suggested that two factors were significantly correlated with overall survival: the inclusion of immunotherapy in the regimen and the presence of extracranial metastases. The median intracranial progression-free survival was 6.93\u00a0months in Group A and 10.73\u00a0months in Group B (HR\u2009=\u20090.540, 95% CI, 0.346\u20130.841, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006). The intracranial objective response rate of Group B was greater than that of Group A, but the intracranial disease control rate was similar between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for brain metastases showed promising efficacy for small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04121-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T09:02:31Z","timestamp":1655974951000},"page":"1825-1833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Programmed cell death 1 pathway inhibitors improve the overall survival of small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"JiaYu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"XuQuan","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"KaiXing","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RuYue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ShuangQing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5941-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"4121_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2017.06.011","volume":"119","author":"V Askoxylakis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Askoxylakis V, Arvanitis CD, Wong CSF et al (2017) Emerging strategies for delivering antiangiogenic therapies to primary and metastatic brain tumors. 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This study was approved by The Ethical Review Board of Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute and complied with the Helsinki Declaration (No. SDTHEC20210020049).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The need for written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have consented to publication of the results presented in this manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}