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This indicates that inhibition of PP2A activity is a common mechanism of cancer progression in humans. It is important to study the roles of SET and CIP2A vis-\u00e0-vis their clinical significance on the basis of new information gathered from a search of PubMed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The first part of this review introduces the carcinogenic roles of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1, which are induced by the okadaic acid class of compounds. The second part describes unique features of SET and CIP2A in cancer progression for several types of human cancer: (1) SET-expressing circulating tumor cells (SET-CTCs) in breast cancer, (2) knockdown of CIP2A and increased PP2A activity in chronic myeloid leukemia, (3) CIP2A and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity in erlotinib sensitive- and resistant-non-small cell lung cancer, (4) SET antagonist EMQA plus radiation therapy against hepatocellular carcinoma, (5) PP2A inactivation as a common event in colorectal cancer, (6) prostate cancer susceptibility variants,\u00a0homeobox transcription factor (<jats:italic>HOXB13<\/jats:italic>\u00a0T)\u00a0and\u00a0<jats:italic>CIP2A<\/jats:italic>\u00a0T, and (7) SET inhibitor OP449 for pre-clinical investigation of pancreatic cancer. In the Discussion, the binding complex of SET is briefly introduced, and overexpression of SET and CIP2A proteins is discussed in relation to age-associated chronic inflammation (inflammaging).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This review establishes the concept that inhibition of PP2A activity is a common mechanism of human cancer progression and activation of PP2A activity leads to effective anticancer therapy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04800-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T09:02:43Z","timestamp":1682413363000},"page":"9425-9433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cancer progression by the okadaic acid class of tumor promoters and endogenous protein inhibitors of PP2A, SET and CIP2A"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"149","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1512-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirota","family":"Fujiki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisaburo","family":"Sueoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsumasa","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masami","family":"Suganuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4800_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Arif M, Wei J, Zhang Q, Liu F Basurto-Islas G et al (2014) Cytoplasmic retention of protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor (I2PP2A) induces Alzheimer-like abnormal hyperphosphorylation of Tau. 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No new data or materials were used for this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research involving human participants and\/or animals"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the studies cited in this review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}