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Immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy, the same as conventional induction chemotherapy, has emerged as a vital part of the induction therapy protocol for HPC.\u00a0Meanwhile, the incidence of immune-related adverse events is increasing.\u00a0In this light, we present the first reported case of immune-associated encephalitis in a patient with hypopharyngeal cancer treated with Camrelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor).\u00a0After receiving immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy as induction therapy, along with\u00a0concurrent chemoradiotherapy, the patient\u00a0presented with symptoms of fatigue, tremors, drowsiness, and an abnormal signal in the right temporal lobe as shown on a\u00a0brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).\u00a0Despite the minor elevation in protein and IgG index observed in the lumbar puncture, there is no evidence of abnormal autoantibodies or evidence of pathogenic infection. Following a thorough multidisciplinary consultation, the patient is suspected to be afflicted with immune-related autoimmune encephalitis.\u00a0Intravenous methylprednisolone was prescribed as an empirical treatment at an initial dosage of 120 mg\/day for 3\u00a0days, followed by steroid tapering. Finally, the patient experienced complete neurologic and radiographic (brain MRI) recovery.\u00a0This case serves as a critical reminder that encephalitis is a potential diagnosis that should never be overlooked in patients undergoing immunotherapy who present with abnormal signs of the brain. The timely diagnosis and initiation of immunosuppressive therapy are key components of treating ICI-associated encephalitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05328-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T08:04:58Z","timestamp":1694073898000},"page":"16239-16246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Encephalitis in a patient with hypopharynx cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy: a case report and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"149","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Zhen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"5328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325300","volume":"92","author":"H Abboud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S et al (2021) Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management. 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The bioethics committee of Beijing Friendship Hospital has confirmed that no ethical approval is required.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The patient had provided written informed consent for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data in this article.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and publish"}}]}}