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In recent years, a series of studies have confirmed that hydrogen (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), a weakly reductive gas, also has therapeutic effects on various cancers and can mitigate oxidative stress caused by radiation and chemotherapy, reducing tissue damage and immunosuppression to improve prognosis. Meanwhile, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>also has immunomodulatory effects, inhibiting T cell exhaustion and enhancing T cell anti-tumor function. It is worth noting that human intestinal flora can produce large amounts of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>daily, which becomes a natural barrier to maintaining the body\u2019s resistance to diseases such as tumors. Although the potential anti-tumor mechanisms of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>are still to be investigated, previous studies have shown that H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>can selectively scavenge highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibit various ROS-dependent signaling pathways in cancer cells, thus inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. The ROS scavenging ability of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>may also be the underlying mechanism of its immunomodulatory function. In this paper, we review the significance of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>produced by intestinal flora on the immune homeostasis of the body, the role of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>in cancer therapy and the underlying mechanisms, and the specific application of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>to provide new ideas for the comprehensive treatment of cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-024-05685-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:01:36Z","timestamp":1711890096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prospects of molecular hydrogen in cancer prevention and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Wenchang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wankun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhong","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"5685_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800079","volume":"62","author":"B Abbaoui","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abbaoui B, Lucas CR, Riedl KM, Clinton SK, Mortazavi A (2018) Cruciferous vegetables, isothiocyanates, and bladder cancer prevention. 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