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With a still unclear mechanism, instillation activates the innate immune system, resulting in an immunological effect on the tumour. The aim of this work was to investigate which bladder cancer (BLCA) cells can be activated by interferon (IFN) exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The BLCA cell lines RT4 and SW780 were stimulated with IFN-\u03b12, -\u03b2 and -\u03bb1 over 4\u201372\u00a0h. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine the expression of IFN receptor subunits (RS) and selected interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect the activation of the IFN responsive element (ISRE). Different signal transduction molecules of the JAK\/STAT pathway were assessed by Western Blot to prove its activation in BLCA cells. The viability of the stimulated cells was measured by WST-1 assay and the apoptosis induction by caspase-3\/7 assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The JAK\/STAT pathway was activated via the four RS. Upon long-term treatment, type I and type III IFNs significantly induced increased ISG expression and apoptosis induction of RT4 and SW780 cells, emphasising their antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activity. This activation was mediated by ISRE. IFN-\u03b2 activated the JAK\/STAT pathway with the greatest potency, highlighting its superior efficacy in modulating cellular responses in BLCA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Activation of the innate immune system has the ability to trigger further infiltration of the tumour microenvironment (TME) with immune cells, which positively influence the TME in its type, density and immunofunctional orientation against BLCA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-025-06409-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T13:58:14Z","timestamp":1767880694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type I-interferon \u03b2 induces a strong anti-tumour response in bladder cancer cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"Marlena","family":"Hesse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Iltzsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nahhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"F\u00fcssel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26657","volume":"59","author":"CR Bolen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolen CR, Ding S, Robek MD, Kleinstein SH (2014) Dynamic expression profiling of type I and type III interferon-stimulated hepatocytes reveals a stable hierarchy of gene expression. 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