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The dogs lived exclusively outdoors, had never travelled and had neither been examined for\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection nor treated against mosquitoes with insecticides or\/and filarioid worms with macrocyclic lactones.\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was examined with a modified Knott\u2019s test for microfilariae, DiroCHEK\u00ae, for the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigen, as well as by multiplex and conventional PCR. Altogether, 77 (22.4%) dogs living in 58 settlements of 17 counties were found to be infected with one or both\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    species based on the PCR techniques. Twenty-eight (8.1%) and 38 (11.1%) dogs were infected with\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Coinfections were recorded in 11 samples (3.2%) collected in 11 locations of 8 counties. The results confirmed that both dirofilarioses are endemic in dogs and the eastern areas of the country are hyperendemic for heartworm disease. Temperature showed a significant association with the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.24\u20134.86,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.012) but not with that of\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.78\u20132.47,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.286). The prevalence of neither\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98\u20131.00,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.213) nor\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99\u20131.01,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.094) showed a significant correlation with precipitation. The number of yearly growing degree days (GDD) based on the lifecycle of\n                    <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mosquitoes ranged between 3.73 and 7.57 for the Hungarian districts. The GDD showed a significant positive association with the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.43\u20134.15,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001) and a non-significant positive relationship with that of\n                    <jats:italic>D. repens<\/jats:italic>\n                    (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.83\u20131.95,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.291).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06478-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T06:03:08Z","timestamp":1574316188000},"page":"129-135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The current situation of canine dirofilariosis in Hungary"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"R\u00f3bert","family":"Farkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikt\u00f3ria","family":"Mag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nika","family":"Gyurkovszky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00f3ra","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1roly","family":"V\u00f6r\u00f6s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Solymosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6478_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.03.001","volume":"220","author":"\u00c1 Bacsadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bacsadi \u00c1, Papp A, Szeredi L, T\u00f3th G, Nemes C, Imre V, Tolnai Z, Sr\u00e9ter T (2016) Retrospective study on the distribution of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Hungary. 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All animals were sampled by a veterinarian to ensure that no dogs suffered any harm according to current regulations.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}