{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T18:00:43Z","timestamp":1767981643374,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06826-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]],"date-time":"2020-09-20T06:02:32Z","timestamp":1600581752000},"page":"4143-4150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Depletion of cholesterol could be associated with modulation of progesterone but not other sex hormone levels during Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans: a cross-sectional study from Zaria, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Aliyu","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0680-3889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Auwal","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdulmalik Abdullahi","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullahi Balarabe","family":"Sallau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"6826_CR1","first-page":"349","volume":"3","author":"MA Abdagalil","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abdagalil MA, ElBagir NM (2009) Effect of falciparum malaria on some plasma proteins in males: with special reference to the levels of testosterone and cortisol. Afr J Biochem Res 3(11):349\u2013355","journal-title":"Afr J Biochem Res"},{"key":"6826_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2009.12.013","volume":"14","author":"IA Al-Omar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al-Omar IA, Eligail AM, Al-Ashban RM, Shah AH (2010) Effect of falciparum malaria infection on blood cholesterol and platelets. J Saudi Chem Soc 14:83\u201389","journal-title":"J Saudi Chem Soc"},{"key":"6826_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.10.002","volume":"109","author":"H Asahi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Asahi H, Kanazawa T, Hirayama N, Kajihara Y (2005) Investigating serum factors promoting erythrocytic growth of Plasmodium falciparum. Exp Parasitol 109:7\u201315","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6826_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2354","volume":"95","author":"S Bhasin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, Montori VM (2010) Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(6):2536\u20132559","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"6826_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60232-0","volume":"4","author":"UM Chukwuocha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chukwuocha UM, Eke KN (2011) Malaria parasite status and cholesterol level of malaria patients in parts of the Imo river basin of Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Med 4(12):993\u2013996","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6826_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113185","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113185","volume":"9","author":"SE Cusick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cusick SE, Opoka RO, Lund TC, John CC, Polgreen LE (2014) Vitamin D insufficiency is common in Ugandan children and is associated with severe malaria. PLoS One 9(12):e113185","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"6826_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.013","volume":"17","author":"TQ de Aguiar-Vallim","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Aguiar-Vallim TQ, Tarling EJ, Edwards PA (2013) Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism. Cell Metab 17(5):657\u2013669","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"6826_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.12.1340","volume":"168","author":"H Dobnig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, Kinkeldei J, Boehm BO, Weihrauch G, Maerz W (2008) Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med 168(12):1340\u20131349","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2008.00249.x","volume":"12","author":"KK Doumouchtsis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doumouchtsis KK, Kostakis AI, Doumouchtsis SK, Grapsa EI, Passalidou IA, Tziamalis MP, Poulakou MV, Vlachos IS, Perrea DN (2008) The effect of sexual hormone abnormalities on proximal femur bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients and the possible role of RANKL. Hemodial Int 12(1):100\u2013107","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"6826_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-018-1055-2","volume":"43","author":"F Esfandiari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esfandiari F, Sarkari B, Turki H, Arefkhah N, Shakouri N (2018) Levels of circulating steroid hormones in malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis: a case control study. J Parasit Dis 43:54\u201358","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"6826_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00063-07","volume":"6","author":"S Frankland","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frankland S, Elliott SR, Yosaatmadja F, Beeson JG, Rogerson SJ, Adisa A, Tilley L (2007) Serum lipoproteins promote efficient presentation of the malaria virulence protein PfEMP1 at the erythrocyte surface. Eukaryot Cell 6(9):1584\u20131594","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"6826_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a025551","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025551","volume":"7","author":"M Fried","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fried M, Duffy PE (2017) Malaria during pregnancy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 7(6):a025551","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6826_CR13","first-page":"871","volume":"6","author":"I Gouado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gouado I, Lehman LG, Some IT, Mbouyap Y, Pankoui MJB, Ejoh AR, Tchouanguep MF (2007) Influence of malaria on the serum levels of vitamin A, zinc and calcium of children in Douala-Cameroon. Afr J Biotechnol 6(7):871\u2013876","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59552-9","volume":"10","author":"E Hayakawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayakawa E, Yamaguchi K, Mori M, Nardone G (2020) Real-time cholesterol sorting in Plasmodium falciparum-erythrocytes as revealed by 3D label-free imaging. Sci Rep 10(1):2794","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6826_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.006","volume":"103","author":"A Hilou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hilou A, Nacoulma G, Guiguemde TR (2006) In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts from Amaranthus spinosus and Boerhaavia erecta in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 103:236\u2013240","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"22","key":"6826_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.22.2647","volume":"159","author":"AF Hofmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hofmann AF (1999) The continuing importance of bile acids in liver and intestinal disease. Arch Intern Med 159(22):2647\u20132658","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"6826_CR17","first-page":"73","volume":"19","author":"MF Holick","year":"2009","unstructured":"Holick MF (2009) Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. AnnalsEpidemiol 19:73\u201378","journal-title":"AnnalsEpidemiol"},{"key":"6826_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.4.1080S","volume":"87","author":"MF Holick","year":"2008","unstructured":"Holick MF, Chen TC (2008) Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with healthconsequences. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1080S\u20131086S","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6826_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40529","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.40529","volume":"8","author":"ES Istvan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Istvan ES, Das S, Bhatnagar S, Beck JR, Owen E, Llinas M, Ganesan SM, Niles JC, Winzeler E, Vaidya AB, Goldberg DE (2019) Plasmodium Niemann-Pick type C1-related protein is a druggable target required for parasite membrane homeostasis. Elife. 8:e40529","journal-title":"Elife."},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181aaee91","volume":"338","author":"SE Judd","year":"2009","unstructured":"Judd SE, Tangpricha V (2009) Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. Am J Med Sci 338(1):40\u201344","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"6826_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1159\/000097816","volume":"26","author":"D Karakitsos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karakitsos D, Patrianakos AP, De Groot E, Boletis J, Karabinis A, Kyriazis J, Samonis G, Parthenakis FI, Vardas PE, Daphnis E (2006) Androgen deficiency and endothelialdysfunction in men with end-stage kidney disease receiving maintenance hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol 26:536\u2013543","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6826_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01555.x","volume":"13","author":"M Labaied","year":"2011","unstructured":"Labaied M, Jayabalasingham B, Bano N, Cha SJ, Sandoval J, Guan G, Coppens I (2011) Plasmodium salvages cholesterol internalized by LDL and synthesized de novo in the liver. Cell Microbiol 13(4):569\u2013586","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"6826_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.14.3556","volume":"19","author":"S Lauer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lauer S, VanWye J, Harrison T, McManus H, Samuel BU, Hiller NL, Mohandas N, Haldar K (2000) Vacuolar uptake of host components, and a role for cholesterol and sphingomyelin in malarial infection. EMBO J 19:3556\u20133564","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"6826_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11434","volume":"50","author":"LA Merlino","year":"2004","unstructured":"Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Criswell LA, Saag KG (2004) Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Iowa Women's health study. Arthritis Rheum 50:72\u201377","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.10.003","volume":"42","author":"TB Mesen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mesen TB, Young SL (2015) Progesterone and the luteal phase: a requisite to reproduction. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am 42(1):135\u2013151","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"6826_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(00)00048-9","volume":"49","author":"T Mitamura","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mitamura T, Hanada K, Ko-Mitamura EP, Nishijima M, Horii T (2000) Serum factors governing intraerythrocytic development and cell cycle progression of Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Int 49(3):219\u2013229","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"6826_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874421401907010001","volume":"7","author":"M Moumaris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moumaris M, Bretagne JM, Abuaf N (2019) Biological membranes and malaria-parasites. Open Parasitol J 7:1\u201318","journal-title":"Open Parasitol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6826_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000101723.79681.38","volume":"62","author":"KL Munger","year":"2004","unstructured":"Munger KL, Zhang SM, O'Reilly E, Hernan MA, Olek MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A (2004) Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 62(1):60\u201365","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"6826_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-162","volume":"12","author":"FA Neves","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neves FA, Ventura AM, Filho MG, Libonati RM (2013) Lipid parameters in a hyper endemic area for malaria. Lipids Health Dis 12:162","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"6826_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.12691\/ajbr-2-3-2","volume":"2","author":"MF Olaniyan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olaniyan MF, Babatunde EM (2014) The pattern of parasite density, plasma total bile acids and lactate dehydrogenase in plasmodium infected patients in rural community. Am J Biomed Res 2(3):47\u201351","journal-title":"Am J Biomed Res"},{"key":"6826_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1159\/000430812","volume":"24","author":"AE Orimadegun","year":"2015","unstructured":"Orimadegun AE, Orimadegun BE (2015) Serum apolipoprotein-A1 and cholesterol levels in Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Med Princ Pract 24:318\u2013324","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"6826_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2839-2848.2006","volume":"74","author":"J Poovassery","year":"2006","unstructured":"Poovassery J, Moore JM (2006) Murine malaria infection induces fetal loss associated with accumulation of Plasmodium chabaudi AS-infected erythrocytes in the placenta. Infect Immun 74(5):2839\u20132848","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"6826_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2007.01.002","volume":"1768","author":"TJ Pucadyil","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pucadyil TJ, Chattopadhyay A (2007) Cholesterol depletion induces dynamic confinement of the G-protein coupled serotonin1A receptor in the plasma membrane of living cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1768:655\u2013668","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"6826_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29319","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101268200","volume":"276","author":"BU Samuel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Samuel BU, Mohandas N, Harrison T, McManus H, Rosse W, Reid M, Haldar K (2001) The role of cholesterol and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins of erythrocyte rafts in regulating raft protein content and malarial infection. J Biol Chem 276:29319\u201329329","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"6826_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E794","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8120794","volume":"8","author":"EN Toko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Toko EN, Sumba OP, Daud II, Ogolla S, Majiwa M, Krisher JT, Ouma C, Dent AE, Rochford R, Mehta S (2016) Maternal vitamin D status and adverse birth outcomes in children from rural western Kenya. Nutrients 8(12):E794","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"6826_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20147732","volume":"3","author":"F Tokumasu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tokumasu F, Crivat G, Ackerman H, Hwang J, Wellems TE (2014) Inward cholesterol gradient of the membrane system in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes involves a dilution effect from parasite-produced lipids. Biol Open 3(6):529\u2013541","journal-title":"Biol Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"6826_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.108.007245","volume":"30","author":"AM Traish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Traish AM, Saad F, Feeley RJ, Guay A (2009) The dark side of testosterone deficiency: III. Cardiovascular disease. J Androl 30(5):477\u2013494","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"6826_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00264-13","volume":"13","author":"BCL van Schaijk","year":"2014","unstructured":"van Schaijk BCL, Kumar TRS, Vos MW, Richman A, van Gemert GJ, Li T, Eappen AG, Williamson KC, Morahan BJ, Fishbaugher M, Kennedy M, Camargo N, Khan SM, Janse CJ, Sim KL, Hoffman SL, Kappe SHI, Sauerwein RW, Fidock DA, Vaughan AM (2014) Type II fatty acid biosynthesis is essential for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite development in the midgut of Anopheles mosquitoes. Eukaryot Cell 13:550\u2013559","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"6826_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01270.x","volume":"11","author":"AM Vaughan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vaughan AM, O\u2019Neill MT, Tarun AS, Camargo N, Phuong TM, Aly ASI, Cowman AF, Kappe SHI (2009) Type II fatty acid synthesis is essential only for malaria parasite late liver stage development. Cell Microbiol 11:506\u2013520","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"6826_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00281-5","volume":"126","author":"HJ Vial","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vial HJ, Eldin P, Tielens AGM, Van Hellemond JJ (2003) Phospholipids in parasitic protozoa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 126:143\u2013154","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"6826_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-442","volume":"12","author":"BJ Visser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Visser BJ, Wieten RW, Nagel IM, Grobusch MP (2013) Serum lipids and lipoproteins in malaria \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J 12:442","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"6826_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60024-0","volume":"383","author":"NJ White","year":"2014","unstructured":"White NJ, Pukrittayakamee S, Hien TT, Faiz MA, Mokuolu OA, Dondorp AM (2014) Malaria. Lancet 383:723\u2013735","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6826_CR43","volume-title":"World malaria report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018) World malaria report. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"key":"6826_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.11.001","volume":"4","author":"M Yu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yu M, Kumar TRS, Nkrumah LJ, Coppi A, Retzlaff S, Li CD, Kelly BJ, Moura PA, Lakshmanan V, Freundlich JS, Valderramos JC, Vilcheze C, Siedner M, Tsai JHC, Falkard B, Sidhu A, Bir S, Purcell LA, Gratraud P, Kremer L, Waters AP, Schiehser G, Jacobus DP, Janse CJ, Ager A, Jacobs WR, Sacchettini JC, Heussler V, Sinnis P, Fidock DA (2008) The fatty acid biosynthesis enzyme FabI plays a key role in the development of liver-stage malarial parasites. Cell Host Microbe 4:567\u2013578","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06826-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06826-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06826-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T23:12:43Z","timestamp":1632093163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06826-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06826-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee on human experimentation and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}