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The study protocol was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research (HE611507) with the relevant guidelines and regulations regarding ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects detailed in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from adult participants and from parents or legal guardians of minors. The use of human sera was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Tokyo, Japan; No. 177). 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