{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:11:23Z","timestamp":1762272683977,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T12:08:01Z","timestamp":1613131681000},"page":"1447-1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis: a retrospective study to propose the diagnostic tests algorithm in southern Iran"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7106-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahman","family":"Pourabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Asaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"K\u00fchne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Sepehrpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Pouladfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Negin","family":"Keihani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3-4","key":"7067_CR1","first-page":"294","volume":"12","author":"A Alborzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Alborzi A, Rasouli M, Nademi Z, Kadivar M, Pourabbas B (2006) Evaluation of rK39 strip test for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in infants. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 12(3-4):294\u2013299","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"},{"key":"7067_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.839","volume":"79","author":"A Alborzi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alborzi A, Pourabbas B, Shahian F, Mardaneh J, Pouladfar GR, Ziyaeyan M (2008) Detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA in the whole blood of asymptomatic individuals by PCR-ELISA and comparison with other infection markers in endemic areas, southern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg 79:839\u2013842","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7067_CR3","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alvar J et al (2012) Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence PloS one 7:e35671","journal-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence PloS one"},{"key":"7067_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.251","volume":"53","author":"DA Ashford","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ashford DA et al (1995) Comparison of the polymerase chain reaction and serology for the detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:251\u2013255","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7067_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002057","volume":"7","author":"T Bhattacharyya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya T, Boelaert M, Miles MA (2013) Comparison of visceral leishmaniasis diagnostic antigens in African and Asian Leishmania donovani reveals extensive diversity and region-specific polymorphisms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2057","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7067_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90055-5","volume":"94","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Boelaert M, Criel B, Leeuwenburg J, Van Damme W, Le Ray D, Van Der Stuyft P (2000) Visceral leishmaniasis control: a public health perspective. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 94:465\u2013471","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"7067_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.003","volume":"102","author":"M Boelaert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boelaert M, el-Safi S, Hailu A, Mukhtar M, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Aseffa A, Mbui J, Menten J, Desjeux P, Peeling RW (2008) Diagnostic tests for kala-azar: a multi-centre study of the freeze-dried DAT, rK39 strip test and KAtex in East Africa and the Indian subcontinent. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 102:32\u201340","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"12","key":"7067_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5973","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.5973-5977.2005","volume":"43","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chappuis F, Mueller Y, Nguimfack A, Rwakimari JB, Couffignal S, Boelaert M, Cavailler P, Loutan L, Piola P (2004) Diagnostic accuracy of two rK39 antigen-based dipsticks and the formol gel test for rapid diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Uganda. J Clin Microbiol 43(12):5973\u20135977","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7067_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38917.503056.7C","volume":"333","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chappuis F, Rijal S, Soto A, Menten J, Boelaert M (2006) A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis. BMJ 333:723","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"7067_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1748z","volume":"5","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chappuis F, Sundar S, Hailu A, Ghalib H, Rijal S, Peeling RW, Alvar J, Boelaert M (2007) Visceral leishmaniasis: what are the needs for diagnosis, treatment and control? Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 5:S7\u2013S16","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"7067_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis716","volume":"55","author":"J Cunningham","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cunningham J, Hasker E, Das P, el Safi S, Goto H, Mondal D, Mbuchi M, Mukhtar M, Rabello A, Rijal S, Sundar S, Wasunna M, Adams E, Menten J, Peeling R, Boelaert M, for the WHO\/TDR Visceral Leishmaniasis Laboratory Network (2012) A global comparative evaluation of commercial immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 55:1312\u20131319","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7067_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-015-0021-2","volume":"5","author":"M de Paiva-Cavalcanti","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Paiva-Cavalcanti M, de Morais RCS, Pessoa-e-Silva R, Trajano-Silva LAM, Gon\u00e7alves-de-Albuquerque SC, Tavares DHC, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Silva RF, Pereira VRA (2015) Leishmaniases diagnosis: an update on the use of immunological and molecular tools. Cell Biosci. 5:31","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"7067_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00372-14","volume":"52","author":"C De Ruiter","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Ruiter C, Van der Veer C, Leeflang M, Deborggraeve S, Lucas C, Adams E (2014) Molecular tools for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 52:3147\u20133155","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"7067_CR14","unstructured":"Deininger P (1990) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual: Edited by J. Sambrook, EF Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989 (in 3 volumes). Academic Press,"},{"key":"7067_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4310","volume":"8","author":"EK Elmahallawy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elmahallawy EK, Mart\u00ednez AS, Rodriguez-Granger J, Hoyos-Mallecot Y, Agil A, Mari JMN, Fern\u00e1ndez JG (2014) Diagnosis of leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 8:961\u2013972","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"7067_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004333","volume":"10","author":"DBM Fraga","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fraga DBM, Pacheco LV, Borja LS, Tuy PGSE, Bastos LA, Solc\u00e0 MS, Amorim LDAF, Veras PST (2016) The rapid test based on Leishmania infantum chimeric rK28 protein improves the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis by reducing the detection of false-positive dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10:e0004333","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7067_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007484","volume":"7","author":"ML Freire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Freire ML, Machado de Assis T, Oliveira E, Moreira de Avelar D, Siqueira IC, Barral A, Rabello A, Cota G (2019) Performance of serological tests available in Brazil for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e0007484","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7067_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6041-1","volume":"117","author":"MA Ghatee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ghatee MA, Mirhendi H, Karamian M, Taylor WR, Sharifi I, Hosseinzadeh M, Kanannejad Z (2018) Population structures of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative agents of kala-azar in Southwest Iran. Parasitol. Res. 117:3447\u20133458","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"7067_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60003-1","volume":"3","author":"MSCL Junior","year":"2013","unstructured":"Junior MSCL et al (2013) Sensitivity of PCR and real-time PCR for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis using peripheral blood. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 3:10\u201315","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"7067_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001484","volume":"6","author":"Z Maia","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maia Z, L\u00edrio M, Mistro S, Mendes CMC, Mehta SR, Badaro R (2012) Comparative study of rK39 Leishmania antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 6:e1484","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"7067_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5249","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5249-5255.2004","volume":"42","author":"C Mary","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mary C, Faraut F, Lascombe L, Dumon H (2004) Quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA by a real-time PCR assay with high sensitivity. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:5249\u20135255","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"7067_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.5.1145-1149.1995","volume":"33","author":"A Mathis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mathis A, Deplazes P (1995) PCR and in vitro cultivation for detection of Leishmania spp. in diagnostic samples from humans and dogs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:1145\u20131149","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"7067_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90317-8","volume":"84","author":"G Mengistu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mengistu G, Kiessling R, Akuffo H (1990) The value of a direct agglutination test in the diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 84:359\u2013362","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"7067_CR24","first-page":"348","volume":"8","author":"M Mohebali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohebali M (2013) Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 8:348\u2013358","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol."},{"key":"7067_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2011.02.003","volume":"9","author":"M Mohebali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Shirzadi MR, Akhoundi B, Hajjaran H, Zarei Z et al (2011) An observational study on the current distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in different geographical zones of Iran and implication to health policy. Travel Med Infect Dis 9:67\u201374","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"7067_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrela R, Kuneshka L, Foto E, Zavalani F, Gradoni L (2010) Pediatric visceral leishmaniasis in Albania: a retrospective analysis of 1,210 consecutive hospitalized patients (1995\u20132009) PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4:e814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000814"},{"key":"7067_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0440","volume":"88","author":"B Pourabbas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pourabbas B, Moghadam AG, Pouladfar G, Rezaee Z, Alborzi A (2013) Quantification of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA for monitoring the response to meglumine antimoniate therapy in visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88:868\u2013871","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7067_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3839-3","volume":"12","author":"Z Rezaei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rezaei Z et al (2019) Expression of a rK39 homologue from an Iranian Leishmania infantum isolate in Leishmania tarentolae for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Parasites Vectors 12:1\u20139","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"7067_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150406","volume":"11","author":"B Sarkari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sarkari B, Naraki T, Ghatee MA, Abdolahi Khabisi S, Davami MH (2016) Visceral leishmaniasis in Southwestern Iran: a retrospective clinico-hematological analysis of 380 consecutive hospitalized cases (1999\u20132014). PloS one 11:e0150406","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"7067_CR30","first-page":"331","volume":"13","author":"B Sarkari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sarkari B, Rezaei Z, Mohebali M (2018) Immunodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: current status and challenges: a review article. Iran J Parasitol. 13:331","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol."},{"key":"7067_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6833","volume":"9","author":"D Savoia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Savoia D (2015) Recent updates and perspectives on leishmaniasis. J. Infect. Dev. Ctries. 9:588\u2013596","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"7067_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20143085","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.3085","volume":"282","author":"AK Simon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simon AK, Hollander GA, McMichael A (2015) Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proc. Royal Soc. B 282:20143085","journal-title":"Proc. Royal Soc. B"},{"key":"7067_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2680-1","volume":"110","author":"G Srividya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Srividya G, Kulshrestha A, Singh R, Salotra P (2012) Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: developments over the last decade. Parasitol. Res. 110:1065\u20131078","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"7067_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2014.01.031","volume":"80","author":"M Sudarshan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sudarshan M, Sundar S (2014) Parasite load estimation by qPCR differentiates between asymptomatic and symptomatic infection in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 80:40\u201342","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7067_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","volume":"31","author":"S Sundar","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sundar S, More DK, Singh MK, Singh VP, Sharma S, Makharia A, Kumar PCK, Murray HW (2000) Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31:1104\u20131107","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"7067_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01775.x","volume":"12","author":"S Sundar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sundar S, Singh RK, Bimal SK, Gidwani K, Mishra A, Maurya R, Singh SK, Manandhar KD, Boelaert M, Rai M (2007) Comparative evaluation of parasitology and serological tests in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in India: a phase III diagnostic accuracy study. Trop. Med. Int. Health. 12:284\u2013289","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health."}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T03:06:19Z","timestamp":1697857579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["7067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07067-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0932-0113"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1955"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 September 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}