{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:39:26Z","timestamp":1761514766604,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004695","name":"Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["636713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["636713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07177-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T04:04:03Z","timestamp":1621310643000},"page":"2233-2241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Distribution of genotypes in relation to metronidazole susceptibility patterns in Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from South African pregnant women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nonkululeko","family":"Mabaso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2392-0574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathlee","family":"Abbai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"7177_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5627-3","volume":"116","author":"AA Abdel-Magied","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdel-Magied AA, El-Kholya E-SI, Abou El-Khair SM, Abdelmegeed ES, Hamoudaa MM, Mohamed SA, El-Tantawy NL (2017) The genetic diversity of metronidazole susceptibility in Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates in an Egyptian population. Parasitol Res 116:3125\u20133130","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7177_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41533","DOI":"10.5812\/ajcmi.41533","volume":"4","author":"Z Akbari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akbari Z, Matini M (2017) The study of trichomoniasis in pregnant women attending Hamadan City Health Centers in 2015. Avicenna. J Clin Microbiol Infect 4:e41533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ajcmi.41533","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"7177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0687-4","volume":"21","author":"C Alessio","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alessio C, Nyirjesy P (2019) Management of resistant trichomoniasis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 21:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-019-0687-4","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"7177_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318224db39","volume":"38","author":"EA Bosserman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bosserman EA, Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Secor WE, Workowski KA (2011) Utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Trichomonas vaginalis-infected women with clinical treatment failure. Sex Transm Dis 38:983\u2013987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318224db39","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00109-16","volume":"30","author":"K Bouchemal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bouchemal K, Bories C, Loiseaub PM (2017) Strategies for prevention and treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 30:811\u2013825","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"7177_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx110","volume":"9","author":"M Bradic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bradic M, Warring SD, Tooley GE, Scheid P, Secor WE, Land KM, Huang PJ, Chen TW, Lee CC, Tang P, Sullivan SA, Carlton JM (2017) Genetic indicators of drug resistance in the highly repetitive genome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Genome Biol Evol 9:1658\u20131672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evx110","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"7177_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001573","volume":"6","author":"MD Conrad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Conrad MD, Gorman AW, Schillinger JA, Fiori PL, Arroyo R, Malla N, Dubey ML, Gonzalez J, Blank S, Secor WE, Carlton JM (2012) Extensive genetic diversity, unique population structure and evidence of genetic exchange in the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:e1573","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00643-12","volume":"50","author":"DC Cornelius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cornelius DC, Robinson DA, Muzny CA, Mena LA, Aanensen DM, Lushbaugh WB, Meadea JC (2012) Genetic characterization of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by use of multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 50:3293\u20133300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00643-12","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7177_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02034.x","volume":"14","author":"T Crucitti","year":"2008","unstructured":"Crucitti T, Abdellati S, Van Dyck E, Buv\u00e9 A (2008) Molecular typing of the actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism. Clin Microbiol Infect 14:844\u2013852","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"7177_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181c21f93","volume":"37","author":"T Crucitti","year":"2010","unstructured":"Crucitti T, Jespers V, Mulenga C, Khondowe S, Vandepitte J, Buv\u00e9 A (2010) Trichomonas vaginalis is highly prevalent in adolescent girls, pregnant women, and commercial sex workers in Ndola, Zambia. Sex Transm Dis 37:223\u2013227","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2307\/3274682","volume":"43","author":"LS Diamond","year":"1957","unstructured":"Diamond LS (1957) The establishment of various trichomonads of animals and man in axenic cultures. J Parasitol 43:488\u2013490","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00180-7","volume":"78","author":"N Espinosa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Espinosa N, Hern\u00e1ndez R, Lopez-Griego L, Arroyo R, Lopez-Villasenor I (2001) Differences between coding and non-coding regions in the Trichomonas vaginalis genome: an actin gene as a locus model. Acta Trop 78:147\u2013154","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7177_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173604","volume":"12","author":"FA Gatti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gatti FA, Ceolan E, FSR G et al (2017) The prevalence of trichomoniasis and associated factors among women treated at a university hospital in southern Brazil. PLoS One 12:e0173604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0173604","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"7177_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.8143","volume":"11","author":"MP Glehn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Glehn MP, S\u00e1 LCEF, da Silva HDF, Machado ER (2017) Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in women of reproductive age at a family health clinic. J Infect Dev Countries 11:269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.8143","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Countries"},{"key":"7177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282f3d999","volume":"21","author":"VJ Johnston","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johnston VJ, Mabey DC (2008) Global epidemiology and control of Trichomonas vaginalis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 21:56\u201364","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.2298\/GENSR1703059K","volume":"49","author":"B Khalili","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khalili B, Ghasemi-Dehkordi P, Pourshahbazi G, Yousofi-Darani H, Hashemzadeh-Chaleshtori M, Doosti A (2017) Genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates from women in Shahrekord city (Southwestern Iran). Genetika 49:1059\u20131070","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"7177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1806.111590","volume":"18","author":"RD Kirkcaldy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kirkcaldy RD, Augostini P, Asbel LE, Bernstein KT, Kerani RP, Mettenbrink CJ et al (2012) Trichomonas vaginalis antimicrobial drug resistance in 6 US cities, STD Surveillance Network, 2009-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 18:939\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1806.111590","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0484-7","volume":"17","author":"P Kissinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kissinger P (2015a) Epidemiology and treatment of trichomoniasis. Curr Infect Dis Rep 17:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11908-015-0484-7","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"7177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1055-0","volume":"15","author":"P Kissinger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kissinger P (2015b) Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues. BMC Infect Dis 15:307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-015-1055-0","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.01.004","volume":"198","author":"G Kusdian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kusdian G, Gould SB (2014) The biology of Trichomonas vaginalis in the light of urogenital tract infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 198:92\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2015.01.004","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"7177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06930-x","volume":"119","author":"N Mabaso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mabaso N, Tinarwo P, Abbai N (2020) Lack of association between Mycoplasma hominis and Trichomonas vaginalis symbiosis in relation to metronidazole resistance. Parasitol Res 119:4197\u20134204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06930-x","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051098","volume":"89","author":"JC Meade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meade JC, Carlton JM (2013) Genetic diversity in Trichomonas vaginalis. Sex Transm Infect 89:444\u2013448","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"7177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0860-0","volume":"44","author":"E Mielczarek","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mielczarek E, Blaszkowska J (2015) Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenicity and potential role in human reproductive failure. Infection 44:447\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-015-0860-0","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"7177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.10.011","volume":"159","author":"Z Momeni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Momeni Z, Sadraei J, Kazemi B, Dalimi A (2015) Molecular typing of the actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR-RFLP in Iran. Exp Parasitol 159:259\u2013263","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7177_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000219","volume":"42","author":"D Moodley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moodley D, Moodley P, Sebitloane M, Soowamber D, McNaughton-Reyes HL, Groves AK, Maman S (2015) High prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections during pregnancy and postdelivery in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Sex Transm Dis 42:43\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000219","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3946862","volume":"2018","author":"E Morikawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morikawa E, Mudau M, Olivier D, de Vos L, Joseph Davey D, Price C, McIntyre JA, Peters RP, Klausner JD, Medina-Marino A (2018) Acceptability and feasibility of integrating point-of-care diagnostic testing of sexually transmitted infections into a South African Antenatal Care Program for HIV-infected pregnant women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2018:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/3946862","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"7177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-198801000-00004","volume":"15","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"1988","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Lossick J, Gorrell T (1988) In vitro susceptibility of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole and treatment outcome in vaginal trichomoniasis. Sex Transm Dis 15:17\u201324","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050984","volume":"89","author":"S Naidoo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Naidoo S, Wand H (2013) Prevalence and incidence of Trichomonas vaginalis infections in women participating in a clinical trial in Durban, South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 89:519\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050984","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"7177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.300","volume":"11","author":"D Petrin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Petrin D, Delgaty K, Bhatt R, Garber G (1998) Clinical and microbiological aspects of Trichomonas vaginalis. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:300\u2013317","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"7177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2015.57056","volume":"5","author":"G Ramjee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ramjee G, Abbai NS, Naidoo S (2015) Women and sexually transmitted infections in Africa. Open J Obstet Gynecol 5:385\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojog.2015.57056","journal-title":"Open J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"7177_CR31","first-page":"43","volume":"4","author":"M Rezaeian","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rezaeian M et al (2009) Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis using parasitological methods in Tehran. Iran J Parasitol 4:43\u201347","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"7177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A366.361","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051184.1143","volume":"89","author":"I Rukasha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rukasha I, Ehlers MM, Kock MM (2013) P5.099 Metronidazole antimicrobial drug resistance testing of Trichomonas vaginalis collected from women attending an anti-retroviral clinic, Pretoria, South Africa. Sex Transm Infect 89:A366.361\u2013A366A366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051184.1143","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"7177_CR33","first-page":"82","volume":"7","author":"F Shahraki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahraki F, Fouladi B, Salimi-Khorashad A, Sepehri-Rad N, Dabirzadeh M (2020) Epidemiology and identification of actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis genotypes in women of southeast of Iran using PCR-RFLP. Crescent J Medical Biol Sci 7:82\u201390","journal-title":"Crescent J Medical Biol Sci"},{"key":"7177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.132-138.1997","volume":"35","author":"M Shaio","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shaio M, Lin P, Liu J (1997) Colorimetric one-tube nested PCR for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal discharge. J Clin Microbiol 35:132\u2013138","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"7177_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.42707","volume":"29","author":"S Sood","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sood S, Kapil A (2008) An update on Trichomonas vaginalis. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 29:7\u201314","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"7177_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.005124","volume":"80","author":"H Swygard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swygard H, Sena AC, Hobbs MM, Cohen MS (2004) Trichomoniasis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management. Sex Transm Infect 80:91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.2003.005124","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"7177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1810-1814.2001","volume":"45","author":"JA Upcroft","year":"2001","unstructured":"Upcroft JA, Upcroft P (2001) Drug susceptibility testing of anaerobic protozoa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45:1810\u20131814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1810-1814.2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07177-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07177-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07177-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T08:49:20Z","timestamp":1744188560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07177-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["7177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07177-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0932-0113"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-1955"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval for this study was obtained from the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BREC), University of KwaZulu-Natal (BE296\/18).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the study participants.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"De-identified data has been obtained from our local Institutional Review Board (IRB).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}