{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:53:55Z","timestamp":1788360835562,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009388","name":"Jazan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-2-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-2-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07323-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T03:29:07Z","timestamp":1632540547000},"page":"3771-3781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The return of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum parasites in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia over a decade after the adoption of artemisinin-based combination therapy: analysis of genetic mutations in the pfcrt gene"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Aymen M.","family":"Madkhali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Abdulhaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wahib M.","family":"Atroosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Hassn","family":"Ghzwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Ammash","family":"Zain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Y.","family":"Ghailan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan A.","family":"Hamali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Mobarki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaki M.","family":"Eisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee-Ling","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hesham M.","family":"Al-Mekhlafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"7323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1399234","volume":"112","author":"A Acharya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Acharya A, Bansal D, Bharti PK, Khan FY, Abusalah S, Elmalik A, ElKhalifa M, Mohapatra PK, Mahanta J, Sehgal R, Singh N, Sultan AA (2018) Molecular surveillance of chloroquine drug resistance markers (Pfcrt and Pfmdr1) among imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Qatar. Pathog Glob Health 112:57\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20477724.2017.1399234","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"7323_CR2","first-page":"17","volume":"37","author":"SA Al Harthi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Al Harthi SA (2007) Detection of drug resistance markers for chloroquine and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine in Jazan area, Saudi Arabia using PCR and restriction digestion. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 37:17\u201330","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"7323_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3579-4","volume":"12","author":"AM Alahmed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alahmed AM, Munawar K, Khalil SMS, Harbach RE (2019) Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia. Parasit Vectors 12:356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3579-4","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7323_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.016","volume":"162","author":"LMQ Alareqi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alareqi LMQ, Mahdy MAK, Lau YL, Fong MY, Abdul-Ghani R, Mahmud R (2016) Molecular markers associated with resistance to commonly used antimalarial drugs among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from a malaria-endemic area in Taiz governorate-Yemen during the transmission season. Acta Trop 162:174\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.06.016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7323_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-9203(01)90209-3","volume":"95","author":"HM Al Arishi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Al Arishi HM, El Awad AF, Al Bishi LA (2001) Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria among children seen in a regional hospital, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:439\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0035-9203(01)90209-3","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-244","volume":"12","author":"S Al-Hamidhi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Al-Hamidhi S, Mahdy MA, Al-Hashami Z, Al-Farsi H, Al-mekhlafi AM, Idris MA, Beja-Pereira A, Babiker HA (2013) Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum and distribution of drug resistance haplotypes in Yemen. Malar J 12:244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-244","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.523","volume":"80","author":"M Alifrangis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alifrangis M, Lusingu JP, Mmbando B, Dalgaard MB, Vestergaard LS, Ishengoma D, Khalil IF, Theander TG, Lemnge MM, Bygbjerg IC (2009) Five-year surveillance of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance in Korogwe District, Tanzania: accumulation of the 581G mutation in the P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase gene. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80:523\u2013527","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-94","volume":"4","author":"AM Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Al-Mekhlafi AM, Mahdy MA, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Azazy AA, Fong MY (2011) High frequency of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance marker (pfcrt T76 mutation) in Yemen: an urgent need to re-examine malaria drug policy. Parasit Vectors 4:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-3305-4-94","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7323_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03846-4","volume":"20","author":"HM Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Mekhlafi HM, Madkhali AM, Ghailan KY, Abdulhaq AA, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, Atroosh WM, Alshabi A, Khadashi HA, Darraj MA, Eisa ZM (2021) Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria. Malar J 20:315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03846-4","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.1086\/315083","volume":"180","author":"AA Alrajhi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Alrajhi AA, Rahim I, Akood M, Hazmi M (1999) Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum cerebral malaria in a chloroquine-susceptible area. J Infect Dis 180:1738\u20131741","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7323_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-34","volume":"5","author":"F Ariey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ariey F, Fandeur T, Durand R, Randrianarivelojosia M, Jambou R, Legrand E, Ekala MT, Bouchier C, Cojean S, Duchemin JB, Robert V, Le Bras J, Mercereau-Puijalon O (2006) Invasion of Africa by a single pfcrt allele of South East Asian type. Malar J 5:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-5-34","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2191","volume":"4","author":"WM Atroosh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Jasari A, Sady H, Dawaki SS, Elyana FN, Al-Areeqi MA, Nasr NA, Abdulsalam AM, Subramaniam LR, Azzani M, Ithoi I, Lau YL, Surin J (2016) Different patterns of pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphism in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Tehama region. Yemen Peerj 4:e2191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.2191","journal-title":"Yemen Peerj"},{"key":"7323_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-251","volume":"11","author":"WM Atroosh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Surin J (2012) The detection of pfcrt and pfmdr1 point mutations as molecular markers of chloroquine drug resistance, Pahang. Malaysia Malar J 11:251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-11-251","journal-title":"Malaysia Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1590\/s0074-02762012000100018","volume":"107","author":"G Awasthi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Awasthi G, Satya Prasad GB, Das A (2012) Pfcrt haplotypes and the evolutionary history of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107:129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0074-02762012000100018","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"7323_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.29","volume":"7","author":"HA Babiker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Babiker HA, Hastings IM, Swedberg G (2009) Impaired fitness of drug-resistant malaria parasites: evidence and implication on drug-deployment policies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 7:581\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/eri.09.29","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"7323_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz059","volume":"113","author":"AMA Bakhiet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bakhiet AMA, Abdelraheem MH, Kheir A, Omer S, Gismelseed L, Abdel-Muhsin AA, Naiem A, Al Hosni A, Al Dhuhli A, Al Rubkhi M, Al-Hamidhi S, Gadalla A, Mukhtar M, Sultan AA, Babiker HA (2019) Evolution of Plasmodium falciparum drug resistance genes following artemisinin combination therapy in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 113:693\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/trstmh\/trz059","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03157-0","volume":"19","author":"B Balikagala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balikagala B, Sakurai-Yatsushiro M, Tachibana SI, Ikeda M, Yamauchi M, Katuro OT, Ntege EH, Sekihara M, Fukuda N, Takahashi N, Yatsushiro S, Mori T, Hirai M, Opio W, Obwoya PS, Anywar DA, Auma MA, Palacpac NMQ, Tsuboi T, Odongo-Aginya EI, Kimura E, Ogwang M, Horii T, Mita T (2020) Recovery and stable persistence of chloroquine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum parasites after its discontinued use in Northern Uganda. Malar J 19:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03157-0","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.05.013","volume":"149","author":"OA Bamaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bamaga OA, Mahdy MA, Lim YA (2015) Survey of chloroquine-resistant mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes in Hadhramout, Yemen. Acta Trop 149:59\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.05.013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7323_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.62826","volume":"30","author":"SM Bin Dajem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bin Dajem SM, Al-Qahtani A (2010) Analysis of gene mutations involved in chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from patients in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 30:187\u2013192","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"7323_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2251-5","volume":"109","author":"SM Bin Dajem","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bin Dajem SM, Al-Sheikh AA, Bohol MF, Alhawi M, Al-Ahdal MN, Al-Qahtani A (2011) Detecting mutations in PfCRT and PfMDR1 genes among Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Saudi Arabia by pyrosequencing. Parasitol Res 109:291\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-011-2251-5","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7323_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0520","volume":"86","author":"SM Bin Dajem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bin Dajem SM, Al-Farsi HM, Al-Hashami ZS, Al-Sheikh AA, Al-Qahtani A, Babiker HA (2012) Distribution of drug resistance genotypes in Plasmodium falciparum in an area of limited parasite diversity in Saudi Arabia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:782\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0520","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00721","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00721-20","volume":"64","author":"G Cuu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cuu G, Asua V, Tukwasibwe S, Nsobya SL, Nanteza A, Kimuda MP, Mpimbaza A, Rosenthal PJ (2020) Associations between aminoquinoline resistance genotypes and clinical presentations of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 64:e00721-e820. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AAC.00721-20","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"7323_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2551-7","volume":"17","author":"O Dagnogo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dagnogo O, Ako AB, Ouattara L, Dago ND, Coulibaly DN, Tour\u00e9 AO, Djaman JA (2018) Towards a re-emergence of chloroquine sensitivity in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire? Malar J 17:413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-018-2551-7","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101253440403","volume":"344","author":"A Djimd\u00e9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Djimd\u00e9 A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourt\u00e9 Y, Coulibaly D, Dicko A, Su XZ, Nomura T, Fidock DA, Wellems TE, Plowe CV (2001) A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 344:257\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200101253440403","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7323_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31139-0","volume":"394","author":"RGA Feachem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feachem RGA, Chen I, Akbari O, Bertozzi-Villa A, Bhatt S, Binka F, Boni MF, Buckee C, Dieleman J, Dondorp A, Eapen A, Sekhri Feachem N, Filler S, Gething P, Gosling R, Haakenstad A, Harvard K, Hatefi A, Jamison D, Jones KE, Karema C, Kamwi RN, Lal A, Larson E, Lees M, Lobo NF, Micah AE, Moonen B, Newby G, Ning X, Pate M, Qui\u00f1ones M, Roh M, Rolfe B, Shanks D, Singh B, Staley K, Tulloch J, Wegbreit J, Woo HJ, Mpanju-Shumbusho W (2019) Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary. Lancet 394:1056\u20131112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31139-0","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"7323_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/s1097-2765(05)00077-8","volume":"6","author":"DA Fidock","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK, Cooper RA, Dzekunov SM, Ferdig MT, Ursos LM, Sidhu AB, Naud\u00e9 B, Deitsch KW, Su XZ, Wootton JC, Roepe PD, Wellems TE (2000) Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence for their role in chloroquine resistance. Mol Cell 6:861\u2013871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1097-2765(05)00077-8","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"7323_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90220-7","volume":"73","author":"S Fogh","year":"1979","unstructured":"Fogh S, Jepsen S, Effersoe P (1979) Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 73:228\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0035-9203(79)90220-7","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu216","volume":"210","author":"AE Frosch","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frosch AE, Laufer MK, Mathanga DP, Takala-Harrison S, Skarbinski J, Claassen CW, Dzinjalamala FK, Plowe CV (2014) Return of widespread chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum to Malawi. J Infect Dis 210:1110\u20131114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiu216","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7323_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-74","volume":"9","author":"NB Gadalla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gadalla NB, Elzaki SE, Mukhtar E, Warhurst DC, El-Sayed B, Sutherland CJ (2010) Dynamics of pfcrt alleles CVMNK and CVIET in chloroquine-treated Sudanese patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 9:74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-9-74","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR30","unstructured":"General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Census 2010. Available at: https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/13. Accessed 15 Jul 2021"},{"key":"7323_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1080\/0003498012011127","volume":"95","author":"HW Ghalib","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ghalib HW, Al-Ghamdi S, Akood M, Haridi AE, Ageel AA, Abdalla RE (2001) Therapeutic efficacy of chloroquine against uncomplicated, Plasmodium falciparum malaria in south-western Saudi Arabia. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 95:773\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0003498012011127","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"7323_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.155","volume":"75","author":"CT Happi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Happi CT, Gbotosho GO, Folarin OA, Bolaji OM, Sowunmi A, Kyle DE, Milhous W, Wirth DF, Oduola AM (2006) Association between mutations in Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter and Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 genes and in vivo amodiaquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria-infected children in Nigeria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 75:155\u2013161","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.004","volume":"121","author":"E Kamugisha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kamugisha E, Bujila I, Lahdo M, Pello-Esso S, Minde M, Kongola G, Naiwumbwe H, Kiwuwa S, Kaddumukasa M, Kironde F, Swedberg G (2012) Large differences in prevalence of Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 mutations between Mwanza, Tanzania and Iganga, Uganda-a reflection of differences in policies regarding withdrawal of chloroquine? Acta Trop 121:148\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.11.004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7323_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03276-8","volume":"19","author":"AQ Khan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khan AQ, Pernaute-Lau L, Khattak AA, Luijcx S, Aydin-Schmidt B, Hussain M, Khan TA, Mufti FU, Morris U (2020) Surveillance of genetic markers associated with Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapy in Pakistan, 2018\u20132019. Malar J 19:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03276-8","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-300","volume":"12","author":"AA Khattak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khattak AA, Venkatesan M, Jacob CG, Artimovich EM, Nadeem MF, Nighat F, Hombhanje F, Mita T, Malik SA, Plowe CV (2013) A comprehensive survey of polymorphisms conferring anti-malarial resistance in Plasmodium falciparum across Pakistan. Malar J 12:300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-300","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1086\/375419","volume":"187","author":"JG Kublin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kublin JG, Cortese JF, Njunju EM, Mukadam RA, Wirima JJ, Kazembe PN, Djimd\u00e9 AA, Kouriba B, Taylor TE, Plowe CV (2003) Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria after cessation of chloroquine use in Malawi. J Infect Dis 187:1870\u20131875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/375419","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7323_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.5897\/IJPS12.475","volume":"7","author":"A Lashin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lashin A, Al Arifi N (2012) The geothermal potential of Jizan area, southwestern parts of Saudi Arabia. Int J Phys Sci 7:664\u2013675","journal-title":"Int J Phys Sci"},{"key":"7323_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1086\/655659","volume":"202","author":"MK Laufer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Laufer MK, Takala-Harrison S, Dzinjalamala FK, Stine OC, Taylor TE, Plowe CV (2010) Return of chloroquine-susceptible falciparum malaria in Malawi was a reexpansion of diverse susceptible parasites. J Infect Dis 202:801\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/655659","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7323_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062032","volume":"355","author":"MK Laufer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laufer MK, Thesing PC, Eddington ND, Masonga R, Dzinjalamala FK, Takala SL, Taylor TE, Plowe CV (2006) Return of chloroquine antimalarial efficacy in Malawi. N Engl J Med 355:1959\u20131966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa062032","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"7323_CR40","unstructured":"Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S, World Health Organization. Sample size determination in health studies: a practical manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/40062 Accessed 20 Jul 2021"},{"key":"7323_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03524-x","volume":"19","author":"AM Madkhali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madkhali AM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Atroosh WM, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, Abdulhaq AA, Ghailan KY, Anwar AA, Eisa ZM (2020) Increased prevalence of pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: important implications for malaria treatment policy. Malar J 19:446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-020-03524-x","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR42","first-page":"99","volume":"18","author":"GM Malik","year":"1997","unstructured":"Malik GM, Khan AM, Abdalla SEA (1997) No response to chloroquine therapy in a case of a Saudi falciparum malaria. Saud Med J 18:99\u2013100","journal-title":"Saud Med J"},{"key":"7323_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1998.15","volume":"18","author":"GM Malik","year":"1998","unstructured":"Malik GM, Seidi O, El-Taher A, Mohammed AS (1998) Clinical aspects of malaria in the Asir region, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med 18:15\u201317","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"7323_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.143","volume":"68","author":"J May","year":"2003","unstructured":"May J, Meyer CG (2003) Association of Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter variant T76 with age-related plasma chloroquine levels. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:143\u2013146","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7323_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0287-8","volume":"100","author":"P Mayengue","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mayengue P, Kalmbach Y, Issifou S, Kremsner P, Ntoumi F (2007) No variation in the prevalence of point mutations in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in isolates from Gabonese patients with uncomplicated or severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Parasitol Res 100:487\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-006-0287-8","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7323_CR46","unstructured":"MEWA. Annual statistical book 2019. Riyadh: Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture, 2019. Available at: https:\/\/mewa.gov.sa\/ar\/Pages\/default.aspx Accessed 30 Jun 2021"},{"key":"7323_CR47","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. National malaria drug policy. Riyadh: Ministry of Health, 2018. Available at: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.sa\/Ministry\/About\/Health%20Policies\/029.pdf Accessed 10 Jul 2021"},{"key":"7323_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03859-z","volume":"20","author":"MC Mulenga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mulenga MC, Sitali L, Ciubotariu II, Hawela MB, Hamainza B, Chipeta J, Mharakurwa S (2021) Decreased prevalence of the Plasmodium falciparum Pfcrt K76T and Pfmdr1 and N86Y mutations post-chloroquine treatment withdrawal in Katete District. Eastern Zambia Malar J 20:329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-021-03859-z","journal-title":"Eastern Zambia Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-106","volume":"8","author":"L Mwai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mwai L, Ochong E, Abdirahman A, Kiara SM, Ward S, Kokwaro G, Sasi P, Marsh K, Borrmann S, Mackinnon M, Nzila A (2009) Chloroquine resistance before and after its withdrawal in Kenya. Malar J 8:106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-8-106","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2716-z","volume":"18","author":"M Ocan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ocan M, Akena D, Nsobya S, Kamya MR, Senono R, Kinengyere AA, Obuku EA (2019) Persistence of chloroquine resistance alleles in malaria endemic countries: a systematic review of burden and risk factors. Malar J 18:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-019-2716-z","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-244","volume":"13","author":"SK Mekonnen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mekonnen SK, Aseffa A, Berhe N, Teklehaymanot T, Clouse RM, Gebru T, Medhin G, Velavan TP (2014) Return of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum parasites and emergence of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopia. Malar J 13:244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-13-244","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-415","volume":"12","author":"A Mohammed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohammed A, Ndaro A, Kalinga A, Manjurano A, Mosha JF, Mosha DF, van Zwetselaar M, Koenderink JB, Mosha FW, Alifrangis M, Reyburn H, Roper C, Kavishe RA (2013) Trends in chloroquine resistance marker, Pfcrt-K76T mutation ten years after chloroquine withdrawal in Tanzania. Malar J 12:415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2875-12-415","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1783-2","volume":"16","author":"NT Ndam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ndam NT, Basco LK, Ngane VF, Ayouba A, Ngolle EM, Deloron P, Peeters M, Tahar R (2017) Reemergence of chloroquine-sensitive pfcrt K76 Plasmodium falciparum genotype in southeastern Cameroon. Malar J 16:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-017-1783-2","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1503-3","volume":"15","author":"SD Otienoburu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otienoburu SD, Ma\u00efga-Ascofar\u00e9 O, Schramm B, Jullien V, Jones JJ, Zolia YM, Houz\u00e9 P, Ashley EA, Kiechel JR, Gu\u00e9rin PJ, Le Bras J, Houz\u00e9 S (2016) Selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms after treatment with artesunate-amodiaquine fixed dose combination or artemether-lumefantrine in Liberia. Malar J 15:452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-016-1503-3","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(87)90147-5","volume":"3","author":"D Payne","year":"1987","unstructured":"Payne D (1987) Spread of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol Today 3:241\u2013246","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"7323_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.668574","volume":"12","author":"AT Roux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roux AT, Maharaj L, Oyegoke O, Akoniyon OP, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M (2021) Chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa-a review. Front Genet 12:668574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fgene.2021.668574","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"7323_CR57","first-page":"204","volume":"9","author":"S Sahar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sahar S, Tanveer A, Ali A, Bilal H, Muhammad Saleem R (2015) Pfcrt gene in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. J Arthropod Borne Dis 9:204\u2013214","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"7323_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0588-4","volume":"14","author":"M Shah","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shah M, Omosun Y, Lal A, Odero C, Gatei W, Otieno K, Gimnig JE, ter Kuile F, Hawley WA, Nahlen B, Kariuki S, Walker E, Slutsker L, Hamel M, Shi YP (2015) Assessment of molecular markers for anti-malarial drug resistance after the introduction and scale-up of malaria control interventions in western Kenya. Malar J 14:75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-015-0588-4","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407706-5.00003-4","volume":"82","author":"RW Snow","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snow RW, Amratia P, Zamani G, Mundia CW, Noor AM, Memish ZA, Al Zahrani MH, Al Jasari A, Fikri M, Atta H (2013) The malaria transition on the Arabian Peninsula: progress toward a malaria-free region between 1960\u20132010. Adv Parasitol 82:205\u2013251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-407706-5.00003-4","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"7323_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2438-7","volume":"17","author":"RH Soliman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soliman RH, Garcia-Aranda P, Elzagawy SM, Hussein BE, Mayah WW, Martin Ramirez A, Ta-Tang TH, Rubio JM (2018) Imported and autochthonous malaria in West Saudi Arabia: results from a reference hospital. Malar J 17:286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12936-018-2438-7","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"7323_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.01.002","volume":"97","author":"J Ursing","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ursing J, Zakeri S, Gil JP, Bj\u00f6rkman A (2006) Quinoline resistance associated polymorphisms in the pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfmrp genes of Plasmodium falciparum in Iran. Acta Trop 97:352\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.01.002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7323_CR62","unstructured":"US-SABC. Working in Saudi Arabia: a labor market update. Vienna: US-Saudi Arabian Business Council, 2017. http:\/\/www.ussaudi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Labor-Industry-Brief-2017.pdf. Accessed 13 Mar 2021"},{"key":"7323_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.01.002","volume":"119","author":"M W\u00e9l\u00e9","year":"2011","unstructured":"W\u00e9l\u00e9 M, Djimd\u00e9 AA, Guindo A, Beavogui AH, Traor\u00e9 IZ, Sadou A, Blaise D, Diallo DA, Wellems TE, Doumbo OK (2011) High frequency of PfCRT 76T in two Malian villages and its prevalence in severe relative to non-severe malaria. Acta Trop 119:11\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.01.002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7323_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1086\/322858","volume":"184","author":"TE Wellems","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wellems TE, Plowe CV (2001) Chloroquine-resistant malaria. J Infect Dis 184:770\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/322858","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"7323_CR65","unstructured":"WHO. Microscopy for the detection, identification and quantification of malaria parasites on stained thick and thin blood films in research settings.\u00a0Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.\u00a0Available at: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/163782 Accessed 01 Dec 2020"},{"key":"7323_CR66","unstructured":"WHO. World malaria report 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240015791. Accessed 15 Jul 2021"},{"key":"7323_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115546","volume":"74","author":"KJ Wicht","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wicht KJ, Mok S, Fidock DA (2020) Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Annu Rev Microbiol 74:431\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115546","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07323-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07323-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07323-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T10:18:23Z","timestamp":1634206703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07323-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["7323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07323-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for the current study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Jazan University (Ref. no. REC39\/6\u2013261). The study was also approved by the Ethics Committee of the Health Affairs Directorate of King Fahd Central Hospital, Jazan (Registry no. 086). Before data collection, the patients, and their guardians in case of children, were informed about the objectives of the study and their role. They were also informed that their participation was entirely voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without giving any reasons whatsoever and without any consequences in respect of their health care. Then, written signed consent was obtained from the adult participants or from the children\u2019s parents or guardians. The patients were treated for malaria at the respective healthcare facilities according to the national malaria drug policy.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors have agreed and consented to publish the manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}