{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T20:25:26Z","timestamp":1780777526368,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008895","name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TETFUND\/ DESS\/UNI\/NSUKKA\/2018\/RP\/VOL.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETFUND\/ DESS\/UNI\/NSUKKA\/2018\/RP\/VOL.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008895","name":"Tertiary Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TETFUND\/ DESS\/UNI\/NSUKKA\/2018\/RP\/VOL.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TETFUND\/ DESS\/UNI\/NSUKKA\/2018\/RP\/VOL.1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07688-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T10:02:39Z","timestamp":1666000959000},"page":"49-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative pathogenicity of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma congolense infections in Nigerian local dogs"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-7707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chukwunonso F.","family":"Obi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5604-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael I.","family":"Okpala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2205-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davinson C.","family":"Anyogu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaechi","family":"Onyeabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1771-0044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ikenna O.","family":"Ezeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romanus C.","family":"Ezeokonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"7688_CR1","first-page":"129","volume":"52","author":"BM Anene","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anene BM, Chukwu CC, Anika SM (1999) Sensitivity to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride of trypanosomes isolated from dogs in Nsukka area, Nigeria. Revue \u00c9lev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop 52(2):129\u2013131","journal-title":"Revue \u00c9lev M\u00e9d V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"key":"7688_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00164-4","volume":"108","author":"Z Bengaly","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bengaly Z, Sidibe I, Ganaba R, Desquesnes M, Boly H, Sawadogo L (2002) Comparative pathogenicity of three genetically distinct types of Trypanosoma congolense in cattle: clinical observations and haematological changes. Vet Parasitol 108:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00164-4","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"7688_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812910","volume":"88","author":"EM Burudi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Burudi EM, Peregrine AS, Mejia PO, Mbiuki SM, Murphy NB (1994) Response of diminazine aceturate resistant and diminazine aceturate susceptible Trypanosoma congolense to treatment with Diminazine when occurring together as a mixed infection. Ann Tropl Med Parasitol 88(6):595\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00034983.1994.11812910","journal-title":"Ann Tropl Med Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR4","unstructured":"Coleman PG, Eisler MC, McDermott JJ, Murphy NB, Majiwa PAO, Peregrine AS (2000) Relative fitness in laboratory mice of drug-resistant and drug-sensitive field isolates of Trypanosoma congolense. Australasian e-Library of Veterinary & Animal Science. https:\/\/www.sciquest.org.nz\/browse\/publications\/article\/71162. Accessed 15 Feb 2022"},{"key":"7688_CR5","volume-title":"Veterinary clinical pathology","author":"EH Coles","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coles EH (1986) Veterinary clinical pathology, 4th edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia","edition":"4"},{"key":"7688_CR6","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Practical haematology","author":"J Dacie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dacie J, Bain B, Imelda B, Lewis M (2001) Practical haematology, 9th edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp 34\u201335","edition":"9"},{"key":"7688_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.02.006","volume":"24","author":"V Delespaux","year":"2008","unstructured":"Delespaux V, Geysen D, Van den Bossche P, Geerts S (2008) Molecular tools for the rapid detection of drug resistance in animal trypanosomes. Trends Parasitol 24:236\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2008.02.006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.05.002","volume":"133","author":"TN Egbe-Nwiyi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Egbe-Nwiyi TN, Igbokwe IO, Onyeyili PA (2005) Diminzene aceturate resistance on the virulence of Trypanosoma brucei for rats. J Comp Path 133:286\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcpa.2005.05.002","journal-title":"J Comp Path"},{"key":"7688_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.06.020","volume":"173","author":"RC Ezeokonkwo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ezeokonkwo RC, Ezeh IO, Onukwu JI, Obi PO, Onyenwe IW, Agu WE (2010) Comparative haematological study of single and mixed infections of mongrel dogs Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Vet Parasitol 173:48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.06.020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01827-4","volume":"17","author":"S Geerts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geerts S, Holmes PH, Diall O, Eisler MC (2001) African bovine trypanosomiasis. the problem of drug resistance. Trends Parasitol 17:25\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01827-4","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR11","unstructured":"Geerts S, Holmes PH (1998) Drug management and parasite resistance in bovine trypanosomosis in Africa. Program against African Trypanosomes (PAAT). Technical and scientific series 1. Food Agric Org U N (FAO) Rome, 25:1\u20133."},{"key":"7688_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.10.004","volume":"97","author":"HA Giha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giha HA, Elbashir MI, A-Elbasit IE, A-Elgadir TME, El-Ghazali GE, Mackinnon MJ, Babiker HA (2006) Drug resistance\u2013virulence relationship in Plasmodium falciparum causing severe malaria in an area of seasonal and unstable transmission. Acta Trop 97:181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.10.004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"14","key":"7688_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001268","volume":"143","author":"F Giordani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giordani F, Morrison LJ, Rowan TG, De Koning HP, Barrett MP (2016) The animal trypanosomiases and their chemotherapy: a review. Parasitol 143(14):1862\u20131889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182016001268","journal-title":"Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","volume":"40","author":"WJ Herbert","year":"1976","unstructured":"Herbert WJ, Lumsden WH (1976) Trypanosoma brucei: a rapid \u201cMatching\u201d method for estimating the host\u2019s parasitaemia. Exp Parasitol 40:427\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0014-4894(76)90110-7","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR15","unstructured":"Hugo KM (2011) Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of melarsoprol resistant and sensitive Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates from Uganda. Dissertation, Egerton University"},{"key":"7688_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0893-9","volume":"19","author":"JI Ihedioha","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ihedioha JI, Onuma CJ, Okorie-Kanu CO, Ihedioha TE (2010) Changes in the pathogenicity of relapsed diminazene aceturate (DA)-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei as the trypanosomes are transmitted from DA-treated hosts to another set of animals. Comp Clin Pathol 19:481\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00580-009-0893-9","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol"},{"key":"7688_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.05.018","volume":"63","author":"J Kabor\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabor\u00e9 J, Camara O, Koffi M, Sanou D, Ilboudo H, Sakand\u00e9 H, Camara M, De Mee\u00fbs T, Ravel S, Belem AMG, MacLeod A, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V, Th\u00e9venon S (2018) Differences in pathogenicity and virulence of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense field isolates in experimentally infected Balb\/C mice. Infect Genet Evol 63:269\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.05.018","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"7688_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/154.3.985","volume":"154","author":"BR Levin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Levin BR, Perrot V, Walker N (2000) Compensatory mutations, antibiotic resistance and the population genetics of adaptive evolution in bacteria. Genet 154:985\u2013997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/genetics\/154.3.985","journal-title":"Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"7688_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2779","volume":"10","author":"P MacGregor","year":"2012","unstructured":"MacGregor P, Sz\u00f6o\u00f5r B, Savill NJ, Matthews KR (2012) Trypanosomal immune evasion, chronicity and transmission: an elegant balancing act. Nat Rev Microbiol 10(6):431\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2779","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"7688_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.01.003","volume":"36","author":"J Masumu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Masumu J, Marcotty T, Geysen D, Geerts S, Vercruysse J, Dorny P, den Bossche PV (2006) Comparison of the virulence of Trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle in a trypanosomiasis endemic area of eastern Zambia. Int J Parasitol 36:497\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.01.003","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mbaya A, Kumshe H, Nwosu CO (2012) The mechanisms of anaemia in trypanosomosis: a review. In: Silverberg D (ed) Anaemia, InTechopen.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/29530","DOI":"10.5772\/29530"},{"key":"7688_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00019-6","volume":"86","author":"J McDermott","year":"2003","unstructured":"McDermott J, Woitag T, Sidibe I, Bauer B, Diarra B, Oue\u00b4draogo D, Kamuanga M, Peregrine A, Eisler M, Zessin K-H, Mehlitz D, Clausen P-H (2003) Field studies of drug-resistant cattle trypanosomes in Ke\u00b4ne\u00b4dougou Province, Burkina Faso. Acta Trop 86:93\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00019-6","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7688_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v81i1.679","volume":"81","author":"MY Motloang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Motloang MY, Masumu J, Mans BJ, Latif AA (2014) Virulence of Trypanosoma congolense strains isolated from cattle and African buffaloes (Synceru scaffer) in KwaZulu-Natal. South Africa Onderstepoort J Vet Res 81:679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v81i1.679","journal-title":"South Africa Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"7688_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulandane FC, Fafetine J, Van Den Abbeele J, Clausen P-H, Hoppenheit A, Cecchi G, Oosthuizen M, Delespaux V, Neves L (2017) Resistance to trypanocidal drugs in cattle populations of Zambezia Province, Mozambique. Parasitol Res https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-017-5718-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5718-1"},{"key":"7688_CR25","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes","author":"M Murray","year":"1979","unstructured":"Murray M (1979) The anaemia of bovine African trypanosomiasis: an overview. In: Losos G, Chouinard A (eds) Pathogenicity of Trypanosomes. IDRC, Ottawa, pp 121\u2013127"},{"key":"7688_CR26","unstructured":"Mutangala NW (2011) Transmisibility and virulence study of drug sensitive and resistant Trypanosoma congolense in mice. Dissertation, Egerton University"},{"key":"7688_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ngumbi A, Mnyone L (2020) Pathogenicity of trypanosomes in relation to 1 drug sensitivity: comparative studies between a drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Trypanosoma congolense strain in murine-and bovine model. Preprint, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-17414\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-17414\/v1"},{"issue":"3","key":"7688_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.023","volume":"196","author":"CF Obi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Obi CF, Obidike IR, Ezeh IO, Omoja VU, Iheagwam CN, Idika IK, Ezeokonkwo RC (2013) Effects of Trypanosoma brucei infection and diminazene aceturate therapy on testicular morphology and function of Nigerian local dogs. Vet Parasitol 196(3):283\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.03.023","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112085","volume":"243","author":"CF Obi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obi CF, Nzeakor TA, Okpala MI, Ezeh IO, Nwobi LG, Omeje MO, Ezeokonkwo RC (2019) Evaluation of antitrypanosomal activity of Pterocarpus santalinoides L\u2019H\u2019erit ex DC hydroethanol leaf extract in rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. J Ethnopharmacol 243:112085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112085","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"7688_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obi CF, Ezeh IO, Okpala MI, Agina A, Umeakuana PU, Essuman GAA, Gwira TM, Ezeokonkwo RC (2022a) Prevalence and molecular identification of trypanosomes in dogs in Enugu North Senatorial Zone. South East Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 67(1):391\u2013402.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11686-021-00475-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00475-4"},{"key":"7688_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obi CF, Okpala MI, Ezeh IO, Onyeabo A, Ezeokonkwo RC (2022b) Drug-resistant trypanosome isolates populations in dogs in Enugu North Senatorial Zone. Southeastern Nigeria. Parasitol Res 121(1):423\u2013431.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-021-07362-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07362-x"},{"key":"7688_CR32","unstructured":"Odette AE (2011) Transmissibility and virulence of drug sensitive and resistant Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates from Kenya. Dissertation, Egerton University"},{"key":"7688_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Otavio LFJ, Sampaio PH, Machado RZ, Andr\u00e9 MR, Marques LC, Cadioli FA (2016) Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 25(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1984-29612016013","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612016013"},{"key":"7688_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.024","volume":"253","author":"T Perrone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Perrone T, Aso PM, Mijares A, Holzmuller P, Gonzatti M, Parra N (2018) Comparison of infectivity and virulence of clones of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum Venezuelan strains in mice. Vet Parasitol 253:60\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.024","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4677","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1792","volume":"279","author":"P Schneider","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schneider P, Bell AS, Sim DG, O\u2019Donnell AJ, Blanford S, Paaijmans KP, Read AF, Reece SE (2012) Virulence, drug sensitivity and transmission success in the rodent malaria Plasmodium Chabaudi. Proc Biol Sci 279:4677\u20134685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2012.1792","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"7688_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00757-4","volume":"60","author":"RAMS Silva","year":"1995","unstructured":"Silva RAMS, Arosemena NAE, Herrera HM, Sahib CA, Ferreira MSJ (1995) Outbreak of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi in horses of pantanal Mato-grossense, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 60:167\u2013171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00757-4","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7688_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0331","volume-title":"The trypanosomiasis","author":"K Taylor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taylor K, Authie EML (2004) Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomosis. In: Maudin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA (eds) The trypanosomiasis. CAB International, UK, pp 331\u2013353"},{"key":"7688_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1327-6","volume":"14","author":"T Tekle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tekle T, Terefe G, Cherenet T, Ashenafi H, Akoda KG, Teko-Agbo A, van den Abbeele J, Gari G, Clausen P-H, Hoppenheit A, Mattioli RC, Peter R, Marcotty T, Cecchi G, Delespaux V (2018) Aberrant use and poor quality of trypanocides: a risk for drug resistance in south western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 14:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-017-1327-6","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"7688_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4314\/evj.v16i1.5","volume":"16","author":"B Tesfaye","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tesfaye B, Getachew A, Hagos A, Yacob HT (2012) Comparative study on the pathogenic effects of Diminazine aceturate sensitive and resistant isolates of Trypanosoma congolense in goats. Ethiop Vet J 16(1):59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/evj.v16i1.5","journal-title":"Ethiop Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"7688_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000238","volume":"2","author":"JK Thuita","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thuita JK, Kagira JM, Mwangangi D, Matovu E, Turner CM, Masiga D (2008) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense transmitted by a single tsetse fly bite in vervet monkeys as a model of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2(5):e238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000238","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07688-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07688-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07688-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1672913488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07688-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["7688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07688-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 October 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 October 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Valid ethical clearance (FVM-UNN-IACUC-2019\u20130922) was gotten from the University of Nigeria Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. More so, the University of Nigeria, national and international guidelines for the ethical care and use of animals were fully observed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}