{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T10:44:38Z","timestamp":1779878678081,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic> is a protozoan parasite that causes canker in pigeons. Squabs (young pigeons) are frequently infected with <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> and can die because of the infection, while adult pigeons can act as carriers showing no clinical signs. In the present study, 50 squabs, up to 1-month-old, were purchased from pigeon markets in different regions of the Giza governorate, Egypt. Direct wet mount preparations of the oral excretions of the squabs (mouth wash) and Giemsa staining revealed that 64% (32\/50) were positive for <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>. Experimental infection of ten squabs with 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0<jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> trophozoites\/ml resulted in oral lesions on the mouth, tongue, and soft palate, with the presence of yellowish-white nodules (cheese-like) in the oral cavity on the sixth day post-infection in all squabs. A subset of five samples were cultured in modified Diamond\u2019s media, their DNA was extracted, and a portion of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1\/5.8S\/ITS2) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the five isolates revealed 64\u201391% homology with some reference isolates circulating in Egypt and related countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07724-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T19:57:04Z","timestamp":1669406224000},"page":"257-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Detection and molecular characterization of Trichomonas gallinae recovered from domestic pigeons in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5949-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hend M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4740-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aalaa S. A.","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0548-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa M.","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar Z.","family":"Abdel-Maogood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa M. F.","family":"Awadalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0498-9461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waheed M.","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"7724_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.2.130","volume":"64","author":"MF Albeshr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Albeshr MF, Alrefaei AF (2020) Isolation and characterization of novel Trichomonas gallinae ribotypes infecting domestic and wild birds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Avian Dis 64:130\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.2.130","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"7724_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-24","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipmanl DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-24","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"7724_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.22271\/veterinary","volume":"3","author":"KH Bulbul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bulbul KH, Shahardar R, Allaie IM, Wani ZA et al (2018) Avian trichomonosis with special reference to pigeon. Int J Vet Sci Anim Husb 3:11\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22271\/veterinary","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Anim Husb"},{"key":"7724_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-PVB-6077","volume":"39","author":"JV Echenique","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echenique JV, Soares MP, Bruni M, Farias NA et al (2020) Oral trichomoniasis in raptors in Southern Brazil. Pesqui Vet Bras 39:983\u2013988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1678-5150-PVB-6077","journal-title":"Pesqui Vet Bras"},{"key":"7724_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.09.016","volume":"170","author":"AO El-Khatam","year":"2016","unstructured":"El-Khatam AO, AbouLaila MR, Ibrahim M, AbdEl-Gaber MM (2016) Trichomonas gallinae: prevalence and molecular characterization from pigeons in Minoufiya governorate. Egypt Exp Parasitol 170:161\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.09.016","journal-title":"Egypt Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"7724_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.30539\/ijvm.v44i(E0).1022","volume":"44","author":"LT Fadhil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fadhil LT, Faraj AA, AL-Amery AM (2020) Trichomonas gallinae identification and histopathological study in pigeon (Columba liviadomestica) in Baghdad City, Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Med 44:57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30539\/ijvm.v44i(E0).1022","journal-title":"Iraqi J Vet Med"},{"key":"7724_CR7","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Trichomonas","author":"M Florin-Christensen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Florin-Christensen M, Schnittger L (2018) Parasitic protozoa of farm animals and pets. In: Coll\u00e1ntes-Fern\u00e1ndez E, Ortega-Mora LM, Fort MC, Schares G (eds) Trichomonas. Springer, New York, pp 313\u2013388"},{"key":"7724_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002","volume":"3","author":"YA Girard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girard YA, Rogers KH, Gerhold R, Land KM, Lenaghan SC et al (2014) Trichomonas stableri n. sp., an agent of trichomonosis in Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata monilis). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 3:32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2013.12.002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"7724_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1637\/11742-080817-Reg.1","volume":"62","author":"C Grunenwald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Grunenwald C, Sidor I, Mickley R, Dwyer C, Gerhold R (2018) Tetratrichomonas and Trichomonas spp.-associated disease in free-ranging common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) from Wellfleet Bay, MA and description of ITS1 region genotypes. Avian Dis 62:117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/11742-080817-Reg.1","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"7724_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcrar.2017.502.002","volume":"5","author":"SS Hamad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hamad SS, Hassan HH (2017) Isolation, diagnosis and cultivation of Trichomonas gallinae from domestic pigeon in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Int J Curr Res Acad Rev 5:10\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20546\/ijcrar.2017.502.002","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Acad Rev"},{"key":"7724_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heinz M (2016) Encyclopedia of Parasitology, 4th edn. Springer, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-43978-4_4472","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43978-4_4472"},{"key":"7724_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hochleithner M, Hochleithner C (2021) The prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in a Veterinary Clinic in Vienna between 2000\u20132019. Vet Med 66:490\u2013493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17221\/110\/2020-VETMED","DOI":"10.17221\/110\/2020-VETMED"},{"key":"7724_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M et al (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35:1547\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7724_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-4165-5","volume":"114","author":"RA Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-D\u00edaz RA, Ponce-Gordo F, Rodr\u00edguez-Arce I, del Mart\u00ednez-Herrero MC, Gonz\u00e1lez FG, Molina-L\u00f3pez R\u00c1, G\u00f3mez-Mu\u00f1oz MT (2015) Trichomonas gypaetinii n. sp., a new trichomonad from the upper gastrointestinal tract of scavenging birds of prey. Parasitol Res 114:101\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-014-4165-5","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7724_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2170-0","volume":"10","author":"M Marx","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marx M, Reiner G, Willems H, Rocha G, Hillerich K, Masello JF, Quillfeldt P (2017) High prevalence of Trichomonas gallinae in wild columbids across western and southern Europe. Parasit Vectors 10:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2170-0","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"7724_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015000281","volume":"142","author":"S McBurney","year":"2015","unstructured":"McBurney S, Kelly-Clark W, Forz\u00e1n M, Lawson B, Tyler K, Greenwood S (2015) Molecular characterization of Trichomonas gallinae isolates recovered from the Canadian Maritime provinces\u2019 wild avifauna reveals the presence of the genotype responsible for the European finch trichomonosis epidemic and additional strains. Parasitology 142:1053\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182015000281","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7724_CR17","first-page":"2","volume":"22","author":"IE Mohamed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mohamed IE, Gehan H, Magda MM (2009) Pathological studies on pigeon trichomoniasis with reference to the associated bacteria. Egypt J Comp Path Clinic Path 22:2","journal-title":"Egypt J Comp Path Clinic Path"},{"key":"7724_CR18","unstructured":"Purple KE (2018) Investigation of the potential role of bird baths in the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae in wild birds. Dissertation, University of Knoxville"},{"key":"7724_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.32268\/jprotozoolres.28.1-2_11","volume":"28","author":"A Raza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raza A, Qamar MF, Rubtsova N, Saneela S (2018) Pathogenicity and diagnostic sensitivity of culture media for identification of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeons of Lahore, Pakistan. J Protozool Res 28:11\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32268\/jprotozoolres.28.1-2_11","journal-title":"J Protozool Res"},{"key":"7724_CR20","first-page":"84","volume":"55","author":"M Saikia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saikia M, Bhattacharjee K, Sarmah PC, Deka DK, Upadhyaya TN, Konch P (2021) Prevalence and pathology of Trichomonas gallinae in domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) of Assam, India. Indian J Anim Res 55:84\u201389","journal-title":"Indian J Anim Res"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07724-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07724-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07724-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T10:19:11Z","timestamp":1672913951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07724-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["7724"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07724-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 May 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was carried out in strict accordance with the Guidelines of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Vet. Cu (IACUC) under no. Vet CU12\/10\/2021\/384.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Hend M. Mohamed: parasitology methodology, and writing; Aalaa S.A. Saad: PCR methodology and writing; Marwa M. Khalifa and S. Z. Abdel-Maogood: data curation, reviewing, and editing; Salwa M.F. Awadalla and W. M. Mousa: supervision, conceptualization, reviewing, and editing.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"I, the undersigned, give my consent for the publication of identifiable details, which can include photograph(s) and details within the text (the \u201cMaterial\u201d) to be published in the above Journal and Article.<i>Hend Mohamed<\/i>, <i>Aalaa Saad<\/i>, <i>Marwa Khalifa<\/i>, <i>Sahar Abdel-Maogood<\/i>, <i>Salwa Awadalla<\/i>, <i>Waheed Mousa.<\/i>","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}