{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T18:12:15Z","timestamp":1789582335697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIN_MIUR2012 code 2012A4F828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIN_MIUR2012 code 2012A4F828"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012352","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nematodes of the genus <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic> are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia in several domestic and wild ungulates. Various species have been described in wild cervids, as the case of <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus cervi<\/jats:italic> in red deer, recently described as a separate species from <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus eckerti<\/jats:italic>. In Italy, information on dictyocaulosis in wildlife is limited and often outdated. In this work, 250 red deer were examined for the presence of <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic> spp. in two areas of the Italian Alps (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009104 from Valle d\u2019Aosta, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009146 from Stelvio National Park), and the retrieved lungworms were molecularly characterized. Lungworms were identified in 23 and 32 animals from Valle d\u2019Aosta and Stelvio National Park, respectively. The nematodes, morphologically identified as <jats:italic>D. cervi<\/jats:italic>, were characterized molecularly (18S rDNA, <jats:italic>ITS2<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>coxI<\/jats:italic>). Consistently, almost all specimens were found to be phylogenetically related to <jats:italic>D. cervi<\/jats:italic>. Three individuals, detected from both study sites and assigned to an undescribed <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic> sp., clustered with <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic> specimens isolated from red deer and fallow deer in previous studies. Within each of <jats:italic>D. cervi<\/jats:italic> and the undescribed <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic> sp., the newly isolated nematodes phylogenetically clustered based on their geographical origin. This study revealed the presence of <jats:italic>D. cervi<\/jats:italic> in Italian red deer, and an undetermined <jats:italic>Dictyocaulus<\/jats:italic> sp. that should be more deeply investigated. The results suggest that further analyses should be focused on population genetics of cervids and their lungworms to assess how they evolved, or co-evolved, throughout time and space and to assess the potential of transmission towards farmed animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07773-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]],"date-time":"2023-01-14T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1673679764000},"page":"881-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular characterization of Dictyocaulus nematodes in wild red deer Cervus elaphus in two areas of the Italian Alps"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8739-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Cafiso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2177-5772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8962-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perla","family":"Tedesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6598-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Poglayen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clelia Buccheri","family":"Pederzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6667-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Robetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Orusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Corlatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6744-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Bazzocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9236-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Luzzago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"7773_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5088-0","volume":"115","author":"Z \u00c1cs","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c1cs Z, Hayward A, Sug\u00e1r L (2016) Genetic diversity and population genetics of large lungworms (Dictyocaulus, Nematoda) in wild deer in Hungary. Parasitol Res 115:3295\u20133312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-016-5088-0","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7773_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bangoura B, Brinegar B, Creekmore TE (2020) Dictyocaulus cervi-like lungworm infection in a rocky mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) from Wyoming, USA. J Wildl Dis 57:71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00023","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00023"},{"key":"7773_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00357-5","volume":"32","author":"MS Blouin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blouin MS (2002) Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer. Int J Parasitol 32:527\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00357-5","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"7773_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.8.1767","volume":"27","author":"JL Boore","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boore JL (1999) Animal Mitochondrial Genomes. Nucl Acids Res 27:1767\u20131780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/27.8.1767","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"7773_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W","volume":"54","author":"J Bowles","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP (1992) Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Mol Biochem Parasitol 54:165\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90109-W","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"7773_CR6","unstructured":"Bregoli M, Natale A, Cova M, Vascellari M, Pasolli C (2006) Meningeal nematodiasis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus) in northeastern Italy - a case report. Vet Arhiv 76:S287\u2013S93"},{"key":"7773_CR7","unstructured":"Carnevali L, Pedrotti L, Riga F, Toso S (2009) Banca Dati Ungulati: Status, distribuzione, consistenza, gestione e prelievo venatorio delle popolazioni di Ungulati in Italia. Rapporto 2001\u20132005. Biol Cons Fauna 117:1\u2013168"},{"key":"7773_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2109","volume":"9","author":"D Darriba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9:772\u2013772","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"7773_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.141.2.51","volume":"141","author":"GP David","year":"1997","unstructured":"David GP (1997) Survey on lungworm in adult cattle. Vet Rec 141:343\u2013344","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7773_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006162","volume":"121","author":"BP Divina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Divina BP, Wilhelmsson E, Mattsson JG et al (2000) Identification of Dictyocaulus spp. in ruminants by morphological and molecular analyses. Parasitology 121:193\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182099006162","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7773_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-38.4.769","volume":"38","author":"BP Divina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Divina BP, Wilhelmsson E, M\u00f6rner T et al (2002) Molecular identification and prevalence of Dictyocaulus spp. (Trichostrongyloidea: Dictyocaulidae) in Swedish semi-domestic and free-living cervids. J Wildl Dis 38:769\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7589\/0090-3558-38.4.769","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"7773_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340","volume":"32","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Edgar RC (2004) MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucl Acids Res 32:1792\u20131797","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"7773_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2001108","volume":"76","author":"LM Gibbons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gibbons LM, H\u00f6glund J (2002) Dictyocaulus capreolus n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from roe deer, Capreolus capreolus and moose. Alces Alces in Sweden J Helminthol 76:119\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/JOH2001108","journal-title":"Alces Alces in Sweden J Helminthol"},{"key":"7773_CR14","first-page":"151","volume":"102","author":"L Gibbons","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gibbons L, Khalil L et al (1988) A revision of the genus Dictyocaulus Railliet & Henry, 1907 (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) with the description of D. africanus n. sp. from African artiodactylids. Rev Zool Afric 102:151\u2013175","journal-title":"Rev Zool Afric"},{"key":"7773_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150390235520","volume":"52","author":"S Guindon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Guindon S, Gascuel O (2003) A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 52:696\u2013704","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"7773_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003366","volume":"127","author":"J H\u00f6glund","year":"2003","unstructured":"H\u00f6glund J, Morrison DA, Divina BP et al (2003) Phylogeny of Dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal RNA data. Parasitology 127:179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0031182003003366","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"7773_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.01007.x","volume":"30","author":"F Jackson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jackson F (2008) Nutrition and immunity of nematodes of livestock. Parasite Immunol 30:61\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2007.01007.x","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"7773_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M et al (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35:1547\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7773_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh293","volume":"32","author":"W Ludwig","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ludwig W, Strunk O, Westram R et al (2004) ARB: a software environment for sequence data. Nucl Acids Res 32:1363\u20131371","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Res"},{"key":"7773_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mattioli S, Meneguz PG, Brugnoli A, Nicoloso S (2001) Red deer in Italy: recent changes in range and numbers. Hystrix It J Mamm 12.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4404\/hystrix-12.1-4168","DOI":"10.4404\/hystrix-12.1-4168"},{"key":"7773_CR21","first-page":"31","volume":"11","author":"AM Pyziel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pyziel AM (2018) Applicability of selected ribosomal and mitochondrial genetic markers in identification of European bison lungworm: a state of the art review. Euro Bison Conser Newsl 11:31\u201338","journal-title":"Euro Bison Conser Newsl"},{"key":"7773_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4657-y","volume":"114","author":"AM Pyziel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pyziel AM, Laskowski Z, H\u00f6glund J (2015) Development of a multiplex PCR for identification of Dictyocaulus lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants. Parasitol Res 114:3923\u20133926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-015-4657-y","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7773_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1645\/16-75","volume":"103","author":"AM Pyziel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pyziel AM, Laskowski Z, Demiaszkiewicz AW, H\u00f6glund J (2017) Interrelationships of Dictyocaulus spp. in wild ruminants with morphological description of Dictyocaulus cervi n. sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from red deer. Cervus Elaphus J Parasitol 103:506\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/16-75","journal-title":"Cervus Elaphus J Parasitol"},{"key":"7773_CR24","unstructured":"Romano R, Cancrini G, Lanfranchi P, Gallo, MG (1980) Diffusion of helminth parasites of the digestive system and respiratory system in deer (Cervus elaphus) of the La Mandria Regional Park (Piedmont). Parassitologia 22:135\u2013139"},{"key":"7773_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102354","volume":"83","author":"C Romeo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romeo C, Cafiso A, Fesce E et al (2021) Lost and found: helminths infecting invasive raccoons introduced to Italy. Parasitol Int 83:102354","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"7773_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","volume":"61","author":"F Ronquist","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ronquist F, Teslenko M, Van Der Mark P et al (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61:539\u2013542","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"7773_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2000)086[0228:QPISOH]2.0.CO;2","volume":"86","author":"L R\u00f3zsa","year":"2000","unstructured":"R\u00f3zsa L, Reiczigel J, Majoros G (2000) Quantifying parasites in samples of hosts. J Parasitol 86:228\u2013232","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"7773_CR28","unstructured":"Skrjabin KI, Shikhobalova NP, Schulz RS (1954) Dictyocaulidae, Heligosomatidae and Ollulanidae in animals. In: Essentials of nematology. Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, pp 36\u201341"},{"key":"7773_CR29","unstructured":"Tarello W (1991) Il cervo e il capriolo: storia naturale, comportamento, ecologia, miti e leggende, patologia e gestione. Musumeci Editore, Quart, pp 1\u2013488"},{"key":"7773_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.09.001","volume":"152","author":"H-S Yong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yong H-S, Song S-L, Eamsobhana P et al (2015) Complete mitochondrial genome reveals genetic diversity of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Angiostrongylidae). Acta Trop 152:157\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.09.001","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"7773_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663268","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.663268","volume":"8","author":"S Zanet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zanet S, Ferroglio E, Orlandini F et al (2021) Bronchopulmonary nematodes in Alpine Ibex: shedding of first stage larvae analyzed at the individual host level. Front Vet Sci 8:663268","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"7773_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X2200030X","volume":"96","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Lu S-F, Li J (2022) Sequence analyses of mitochondrial gene may support the existence of cryptic species within Ascaridia galli. J Helminthol 96:e39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0022149X2200030X","journal-title":"J Helminthol"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07773-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07773-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07773-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T09:10:20Z","timestamp":1678093820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07773-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["7773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-022-07773-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 January 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Animals were not sacrificed for research purposes specific to this study. No ethical approval was required, and ethical statement is not applicable as sample collection from animals has been gathered after animals were hunted according to Italian national hunting law 157\/1992 or culled for management purposes, according to the official culling plan to reduce red deer density that has been authorized by Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Prot. 48585\/T-A25-Ispra), in the Lombardy sector of the Stelvio National Park starting from 2011.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors provided their consent for the publication of this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}