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Although there are several therapeutic regimens for such disease, the majority of them have many drawbacks. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to improve the current regimen in an effort to achieve a well-tolerated therapy while also enhancing the host immune response. Famous for their immunomodulatory effect, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus fermentum<\/jats:italic> probiotics were chosen to be evaluated in this study as an adjuvant therapy against the virulent RH <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>) strain. Experimental mice were divided into control and treated groups. The control group was further subdivided into two groups: group I: 10 uninfected mice and group II: 20 infected untreated mice. The treated experimental group was subdivided into three groups (20 mice each); group III: sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) treated, group IV: probiotics treated, and group V: SMZ-TMP combined with probiotics. The results obtained revealed that combined therapy increased survival rate and time up to 95% and 16\u00a0days, respectively, with an 82% reduction of tachyzoites and marked distortion, as detected by the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, combined therapy alleviated the severity and the extent of the inflammatory cells\u2019 infiltration, thereby reducing hepatocyte degeneration. Intriguingly, serum IF-\u03b3 level showed a significant increase to 155.92\u2009\u00b1\u200910.12\u00a0ng\/L with combined therapy, reflecting the immunological role of the combined therapy. The current results revealed that probiotics have a high adjuvant potential in alleviating the impact of toxoplasmosis. Using probiotics as a synergistic treatment to modulate conventional therapy in systemic toxoplasmosis may gain popularity due to their low cost and current availability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07787-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T08:04:30Z","timestamp":1676361870000},"page":"927-937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The synergetic potential of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus fermentum probiotics in alleviating the outcome of acute toxoplasmosis in mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Tasneem M.","family":"Almallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa I.","family":"Khedr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kholoud A.","family":"El Nouby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salwa S.","family":"Younis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona A.","family":"Elazeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia A.","family":"Elmehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"7787_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S60973","volume":"11","author":"PH Alday","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alday PH, Doggett JS (2017) Drugs in development for toxoplasmosis: advances, challenges, and current status. 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Experiments on animals were carried out in conformity with the ethical rules and regulation guidelines of the animal care committee of Alexandria and Tanta Faculties of Medicine, as well as the internationally acknowledged principles for laboratory animal use and care. The Research and Ethics Committee in Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, approved the current study (Approval code: 34668\/5\/21). According to the faculty research and safe disposal rules, all the remnants of the sacrificed animals were discarded by safe disposal measures in Alexandria and Tanta Faculties of Medicine General Incinerator.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Done and confirmed","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Done and confirmed","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}]}}