{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T16:38:05Z","timestamp":1768322285662,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005642","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Sassari","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005642","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardio-pulmonary parasites, such as <jats:italic>Angiostrongylus vasorum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Crenosoma vulpis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Eucoleus aerophilus<\/jats:italic>, pose a significant concern on account of pulmonary and cardiac problems they induce in dogs. While the red fox is known to be a key reservoir host for <jats:italic>A. vasorum<\/jats:italic> and may also play a role in transmitting <jats:italic>C. vulpis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. aerophilus<\/jats:italic>, there has been no recent research on these parasites in foxes from Sardinia, with the most current studies dating back to 1986. A survey was conducted on red foxes in Sardinia, where a total of 51 foxes were collected, necropsied, and examined for adult worms in their hearts and lungs. The worms were identified using morphometric analysis and molecular methods. The results showed a 54.9% overall prevalence at dissection: 45.1% of the foxes were positive for <jats:italic>E. aerophilus<\/jats:italic>, 17.6% for <jats:italic>C. vulpis<\/jats:italic>, and 13.7% for <jats:italic>A. vasorum<\/jats:italic>. The molecular analyses validated the morphological characterization. In comparison to previous research, which found 13 out of 85 foxes to be positive for <jats:italic>A. vasorum<\/jats:italic> with a prevalence rate of 15.3% and 1 for <jats:italic>E. aerophilus<\/jats:italic> with a prevalence of 1.2%, this study showed an increased prevalence of <jats:italic>E. aerophilus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. vulpis<\/jats:italic>, and a decrease in the prevalence of <jats:italic>A. vasorum<\/jats:italic>. These results indicate that the red foxes in Sardinia represent a reservoir host for cardio-pulmonary nematodes and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome in dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07882-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T04:01:21Z","timestamp":1684728081000},"page":"1685-1688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Cardio-pulmonary nematodes of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of Sardinia, Italy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nonnis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Tamponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Tosciri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Manconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Pudda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierangela","family":"Cabras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Scala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Varcasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"7882_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994215.0000","volume-title":"Nematode parasites of vertebrates. Their development and transmission","author":"RC Anderson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anderson RC (2000) Nematode parasites of vertebrates. Their development and transmission, 2nd edn. CABI Publishing, Wallingford","edition":"2"},{"key":"7882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.19.447","volume":"135","author":"G Bolt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bolt G, Monrad J, Koch J, Jensen AL (1994) Canine angiostrongylosis: a review. Vet Rec 135:447\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/vr.135.19.447","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"7882_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00261.x","volume":"45","author":"PS Chapman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chapman PS, Boag AK, Guitian J, Boswood A (2004) Angiostrongylus vasorum infection in 23 dogs (1999-2002). J Small Anim Pract 45:435\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00261.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"7882_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.006","volume":"39","author":"G Conboy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Conboy G (2009) Helminth parasites of the canine and feline respiratory tract. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39:1109\u20131126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.006","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"7882_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.11.011","volume":"20","author":"P Deplazes","year":"2004","unstructured":"Deplazes P, Hegglin D, Gloor S, Romig T (2004) Wilderness in the city: the urbanization of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol 20:77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2003.11.011","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"7882_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.10.2525","volume":"21","author":"RB Gasser","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gasser RB, Chilton NB, Hoste H, Beveridge I (1993) Rapid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminths. Nucleic Acids Res 21:2525\u20132526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/21.10.2525","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"7882_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.014","volume":"179","author":"J Koch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Koch J, Willesen JL (2009) Canine pulmonary angiostrongylosis: an update. Vet J 179:348\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"7882_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K (2018) MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol 35:1547\u20131549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"7882_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.14","volume":"78","author":"D Lalo\u0161sevi\u0107","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lalo\u0161sevi\u0107 D, Lalo\u0161sevi\u0107 V, Klem I, Stanojev-Jovanovi\u0107 D, Pozio E (2008) Pulmonary capillariasis miming bronchial carcinoma. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78:14\u201316","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"7882_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4583-z","volume":"114","author":"MS Latrofa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Latrofa MS, Lia RP, Giannelli A, Colella V, Santoro M, D'Alessio N, Campbell BE, Parisi A, Dantas-Torres F, Mutafchiev Y, Veneziano V, Otranto D (2015) Crenosoma vulpis in wild and domestic carnivores from Italy: a morphological and molecular study. Parasitol Res 114:3611\u20133617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-015-4583-z","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7882_CR11","first-page":"73","volume":"76","author":"P Lazar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lazar P, \u010curl\u00edk J, Goldova M, Ko\u010di\u0161ov\u00e1 A, Kosuthova L, Mojzisova J, Letkov\u00e1 V, Letkova V (2006) The red fox (Vulpes vulpes L.) as a source of zoonoses. Veterinarski Arhiv 76:73\u201381","journal-title":"Veterinarski Arhiv"},{"key":"7882_CR12","first-page":"268","volume":"28","author":"A Leoni","year":"1986","unstructured":"Leoni A, Garippa G, Masala S (1986) Osservazioni sull\u2019elmintofauna della volpe (Vulpes vulpes) in Sardegna. Parassitologia 28:268\u2013269","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"7882_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.008","volume":"126","author":"FJ Mart\u00ednez-Rond\u00e1n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Rond\u00e1n FJ, Ruiz de Yb\u00e1\u00f1ez MR, L\u00f3pez-Beceiro AM, Fidalgo LE, Berriatua E, Lahat L, Sacrist\u00e1n I, Oleaga \u00c1, Mart\u00ednez-Carrasco C (2019) Cardiopulmonary nematode infections in wild canids: does the key lie on host-prey-parasite evolution? Res Vet Sci 126:51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.08.008","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"7882_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.020","volume":"213","author":"D Otranto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Pfeffer M, Genchi C, Guberti V, Capelli G, Deplazes P (2015) The role of wild canids and felids in spreading parasites to dogs and cats in Europe. Part II: helminths and arthropods. Vet Parasitol 213:24\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2015.04.020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7882_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-014-3794-z","volume":"113","author":"AP Pipia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pipia AP, Varcasia A, Tosciri G, Seu S, Manunta ML, Mura MC, Sanna G, Tamponi C, Brianti E, Scala A (2014) New insights onto cardiopulmonary nematodes of dogs in Sardinia, Italy. Parasitol Res 113:1505\u20131509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-014-3794-z","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"7882_CR16","first-page":"440","volume":"56","author":"J Roulichova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roulichova J, Andera M (2007) Simple method of age determination in red fox, Vulpes vulpes. Folia Zool 56:440\u2013444","journal-title":"Folia Zool"},{"key":"7882_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0693-9","volume":"12","author":"VR Simpson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simpson VR, Tomlinson AJ, Stevenson K, McLuckie JA, Benavides J, Dagleish MP (2016) A post-mortem study of respiratory disease in small mustelids in south-west England. BMC Vet Res 12:72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-016-0693-9","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"7882_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.04.001","volume":"203","author":"C Tamponi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tamponi C, Varcasia A, Brianti E, Pipia AP, Frau V, Pinna Parpaglia ML, Sanna G, Garippa G, Otranto D, Scala A (2014) New insights on metastrongyloid lungworms infecting cats of Sardinia, Italy. Vet Parasitol 203:222\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.04.001","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"7882_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.05.003","volume":"15","author":"EE Tieri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tieri EE, Saletti MA, D'Angelo AR, Parisciani G, Pelini S, Cocco A, Di Teodoro G, Di Censo E, D'Alterio N, Latrofa MS, Otranto D, Pascucci I (2021) Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 15:184\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.05.003","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl"},{"key":"7882_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0588-1","volume":"7","author":"A Varcasia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Varcasia A, Tamponi C, Brianti E, Cabras P, Boi R, Pipia AP, Giannelli A, Otranto D, Scala A (2014) Angiostrongylus chabaudi Biocca, 1957: a new parasite for domestic cats? Parasit Vectors 7:588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-014-0588-1","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07897-1","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000}}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07882-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07882-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07882-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T06:08:00Z","timestamp":1686982080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07882-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["7882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07882-8","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07897-1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 October 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 June 2023","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07897-1","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-07897-1","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}