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The pathological findings associated with <jats:italic>Dipetalonema<\/jats:italic> spp. infection in Neotropical monkeys from southern Brazil are herein described, along with a fatal case due to filarial polyserositis and entrapment of an intestinal segment. At necropsy, nematodes were observed in abdominal and thoracic cavities, or in the pericardium of 37 (31.3%) out of the 118 individuals examined (i.e., 35 <jats:italic>Alouatta guariba clamitans<\/jats:italic> and two <jats:italic>Sapajus nigritus<\/jats:italic>). In addition, at histology, 27.0% of positive animals presented microfilarie (inside blood vessels of lung, spleen, liver, and brain) and 8.1% presented adult nematodes in the heart, lung, and liver. In two cases, cross-sections of filarioids were associated with areas of epicardial thickening with intense fibrosis and pyogranulomatous inflammation in the brain, heart, liver, lungs, or spleen. The DNA fragment was amplify using the <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 gene, sequenced and analyzed to identify the nematode species collected; presence of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> was assessed in the filarioids using the 16S rRNA gene. At BLAST analysis of the <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 gene, 10 sequences showed 91.7% nucleotide identity with <jats:italic>Dipetalonema gracile<\/jats:italic>, and two with <jats:italic>D. gracile<\/jats:italic> (98.5%) and <jats:italic>Dipetalonema graciliformis<\/jats:italic> (98.3%). Phylogenetic analyses clustered sequences of\u00a0the <jats:italic>cox<\/jats:italic>1 obtained in this study in two clades corresponding with the host species. <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> sp. endosymbiont was detected in four samples. Data herein reported provide a description of pathological lesions associated with the infection by <jats:italic>Dipetalonema<\/jats:italic> spp., suggesting that they may cause disease in Neotropical monkeys. In addition, a better understanding of diversity and biology of <jats:italic>Dipetalonema<\/jats:italic> spp. in South America is needed to assess the impact they may cause in native non-human primates from Brazil.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07895-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T06:05:34Z","timestamp":1687413934000},"page":"1973-1982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pathological findings associated with Dipetalonema spp. (Spirurida, Onchocercidae) infection in two species of Neotropical monkeys from Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Luiza Presser","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica","family":"Slaviero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00edntia","family":"De Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Fagundes-Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Kelin","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia","family":"Perles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius","family":"Baggio-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos Antonio","family":"Bezerra-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Modr\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Benovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Welden","family":"Panziera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Driemeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saulo Petinatti","family":"Pavarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Fabio","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Otranto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Sonne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"7895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-021-01453-3","volume":"46","author":"HA Abd-Ellatieff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abd-Ellatieff HA, Bazh EK, Hussin SM, Yamamoto I, Yanai T, AbouRawash AA (2022) Onchocerca flexuosa. sp. 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