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This rise could be attributed not only to an actual increase in water contamination but also to improvements in detection methods. These waterborne pathogens have played a pivotal role in disease outbreaks and the overall escalation of disease rates in both developed and developing nations worldwide. Consequently, the control of waterborne diseases has become a vital component of public health policies and a primary objective of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Limited studies applied real-time PCR (qPCR) and\/or immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for monitoring\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., particularly in developing countries like Egypt. Water samples from two conventional drinking water treatment plants and two compact units (CUs) were analyzed using both IFA and qPCR methods to detect\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using qPCR and IFA, the conventional DWTPs showed complete removal of\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whereas Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs achieved only partial removal. Specifically,\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene copies removal rates were 33.33% and 60% for Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs, respectively. Niklah CU also removed 50% of\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene copies, but no\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene copies were removed by Mansheyat Alqanater CU. Using IFA, both Mansheyat Alqanater and Niklah CUs showed a similar removal rate of 50% for\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    cysts. Additionally, Niklah CU achieved a 50% removal of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts, whereas Mansheyat Alqanater CU did not show any removal of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    oocysts. Conventional DWTPs were more effective than CUs in removing enteric protozoa. The contamination of drinking water by enteric pathogenic protozoa remains a significant issue globally, leading to increased disease rates. Infectious disease surveillance in drinking water is an important epidemiological tool to monitor the health of a population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-07947-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T06:01:55Z","timestamp":1693029715000},"page":"2491-2501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Fate of Cryptosporidium and Giardia through conventional and compact drinking water treatment plants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Moussa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ameen A.","family":"Ashour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad I.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda A.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Z.","family":"Al-Herrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"7947_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.23.016","volume":"29","author":"S Abuseir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abuseir S (2023) A systematic review of frequency and geographic distribution of water-borne parasites in the Middle East and North Africa. 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