{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T17:55:27Z","timestamp":1776621327753,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021546","name":"Suez University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Parasitol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fish trypanosomiasis is a common blood parasitic disease transmitted by aquatic invertebrates, such as leeches. This study aims to shed light on the cytotoxicity of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> sp. on erythrocytes and its impacts on the innate immune response (serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production, phagocytic activity, serum total protein, and globulin) in wild African catfish, <jats:italic>Clarias gariepinus<\/jats:italic>. One hundred catfish were examined using blood smears stained with Giemsa and confirmed with PCR. The prevalence of infection was found to be 10% by microscope detection and 15% by PCR. The morphological identification of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> as <jats:italic>Trypanosoma mukasai<\/jats:italic> was determined. Additionally, this study included previously undescribed features of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>, such as the width of the anterior and posterior body, the length of the posterior pale region, and the number of folds. Various alterations in erythrocytes were observed, totaling 54.57%. Nuclear abnormalities, including fragmented nuclei, eccentric nuclei, and micronuclei, were also reported. Infected fish showed a reduction in serum total protein and globulin levels, while nitric oxide production, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity exhibited a significant increase compared to non-infected fish. We believe that our findings will contribute valuable data to the morphological and molecular identification of <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> sp. in African catfish, as well as their cytotoxic impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08026-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T01:02:06Z","timestamp":1701910926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cytotoxicity and immunological impact of Trypanosoma sp. infection on blood parameters of wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Alamira Marzouk","family":"Fouad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasha S. A.","family":"Abd El-Lateif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham G.","family":"Abo-Al-Ela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara Salah","family":"Abdel-Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"8026_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1017\/S143192761901506X","volume":"25","author":"SS Abdel-Hakeem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdel-Hakeem SS, Mahmoud GA-E, Abdel-Hafeez HH (2019) Evaluation and microanalysis of parasitic and bacterial agents of Egyptian fresh Sushi, Salmo salar. Microsc Microanal 25:1498\u20131508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S143192761901506X","journal-title":"Microsc Microanal"},{"key":"8026_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.21608\/scvmj.2018.60775","volume":"23","author":"H Abdel Mawla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdel Mawla H, Osman H, Dessoki A, Atwa A (2018) Studies on blood protozoal diseases with biochemical and histopathological changes in some cultured and wild freshwater fishes. Suez Canal Vet Med. J 23:121\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/scvmj.2018.60775","journal-title":"Suez Canal Vet Med. J"},{"key":"8026_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(95)90078-0","volume":"343","author":"K Al-Sabti","year":"1995","unstructured":"Al-Sabti K, Metcalfe CD (1995) Fish micronuclei for assessing genotoxicity in water. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol 343:121\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0165-1218(95)90078-0","journal-title":"Mutat Res Genet Toxicol"},{"key":"8026_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.21608\/JVMR.2005.77930","volume":"15","author":"A Aly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aly A, Manal M, Derwa H (2005) Biochemical and pathological studies on Trypanosomiasis among catfish \u201cClarias gariepenus\u201d. J Vet Med Res 15:47\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/JVMR.2005.77930","journal-title":"J Vet Med Res"},{"key":"8026_CR5","first-page":"18","volume":"770","author":"JD Balarin","year":"1985","unstructured":"Balarin JD (1985) National review for aquaculture development in Africa. FAO Fisheries Circular No 770:18","journal-title":"FAO Fisheries Circular No"},{"key":"8026_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.2001.4664","volume":"99","author":"D Biswas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Biswas D, Choudhury A, Misra KK (2001) Histopathology of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi infection in bandicoot rat. I Visceral Organs Exp Parasitol 99:148\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/expr.2001.4664","journal-title":"I Visceral Organs Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1189","volume":"24","author":"LB Buratai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buratai LB, Nok AJ, Ibrahim S, Umar IA, Esievo KAN (2006) Characterization of sialidase from bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma vivax. Cell Biochem Funct 24:71\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbf.1189","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"8026_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61304-8","volume":"10","author":"L Burgert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burgert L, Rottmann M, Wittlin S, Gobeau N, Krause A, Dingemanse J, M\u00f6hrle JJ, Penny MA (2020) Ensemble modeling highlights importance of understanding parasite-host behavior in preclinical antimalarial drug development. Sci Rep 10:4410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61304-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8026_CR9","volume-title":"Veterinary Clinical Pathology","author":"EH Coles","year":"1986","unstructured":"Coles EH (1986) Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4th edn. W.B Sanders Company, Philadelphia","edition":"4"},{"key":"8026_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482280487","volume-title":"Fish Diseases vol 1","author":"JC Eiras","year":"2008","unstructured":"Eiras JC, Segner H, Wahli T, Kapoor BG (2008) Fish Diseases vol 1. Science Publishers Inc, Enfield"},{"key":"8026_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3221.1.1","volume":"3221","author":"JC Eiras","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eiras JC, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC, Luque JL (2012) Checklist of Protozoan parasites of fishes from Brazil. Zootaxa 3221:1\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.3221.1.1","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"8026_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0253","volume-title":"The trypanosomiases","author":"MC Eisler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eisler MC, Dwinger RH, Majiwa PAO, Picozzi K (2004) Diagnosis and epidemiology of African animal trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA (eds) The trypanosomiases. CABI International, UK, pp 253\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/9780851994758.0253"},{"key":"8026_CR13","first-page":"676","volume":"6","author":"SAM El-Tantawy","year":"2010","unstructured":"El-Tantawy SAM, El-Sherbiny HAE (2010) Some protozoan parasites infecting catfish Clarias gariepinus inhabiting Nile Delta water of the River Nile, Dakahlia province Egypt. Am J Sci 6:676\u2013696","journal-title":"Am J Sci"},{"key":"8026_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10121236","volume":"10","author":"M Esmaeili","year":"2021","unstructured":"Esmaeili M (2021) Blood performance: a new formula for fish growth and health. Biology 10:1236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology10121236","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"8026_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.572","volume":"80","author":"ML Ferreira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferreira ML, Avenant-Oldewage A (2013) Selected haematological changes in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) infected with a Trypansosoma sp. from the Vaal Dam South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 80:572\u2013575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ojvr.v80i1.572","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"8026_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1590\/s0001-37652013005000039","volume":"85","author":"RY Fujimoto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fujimoto RY, Neves MS, Santos RFB, Souza NC, Do Couto MVS, Lopes JNS, Diniz DG, Eiras JC (2013) Morphological and hematological studies of Trypanosoma spp. infecting ornamental armored catfish from Guam\u00e1 River-PA Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 85:1149\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0001-37652013005000039","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"8026_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000066749","volume":"97","author":"WC Gibson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gibson WC, Dukes P, Gashumba JK (1988) Species-specific DNA probes for the identification of African trypanosomes in tsetse flies. Parasitology 97(Pt 1):63\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0031182000066749","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"8026_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4653-4657.2000","volume":"68","author":"AP Gobert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gobert AP, Daulouede S, Lepoivre M, Boucher JL, Bouteille B, Buguet A, Cespuglio R, Veyret B, Vincendeau P (2000) L-Arginine availability modulates local nitric oxide production and parasite killing in experimental trypanosomiasis. Infect Immun 68:4653\u20134657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4653-4657.2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8026_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2014.064","volume":"61","author":"A Grybchuk-Ieremenko","year":"2014","unstructured":"Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Losev A, Kostygov AY, Luke\u0161 J, Yurchenko V (2014) High prevalence of trypanosome co-infections in freshwater fishes. Folia Parasitol 61:495\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/fp.2014.064","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"N Gupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gupta N, Gupta DK (2012) Erythropenia in piscine trypanosomiasis. Trends Parasitol Res 1:1\u20136","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol Res"},{"key":"8026_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05054-0","volume":"14","author":"IF Habeeb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Habeeb IF, Chechet GD, Kwaga JKP (2021) Molecular identification and prevalence of trypanosomes in cattle distributed within the Jebba axis of the River Niger, Kwara state Nigeria. Parasites Vectors 14:560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05054-0","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"8026_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-50","volume":"7","author":"PM Hayes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hayes PM, Lawton SP, Smit NJ, Gibson WC, Davies AJ (2014) Morphological and molecular characterization of a marine fish trypanosome from South Africa, including its development in a leech vector. Parasites Vectors 7:50","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"8026_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2006.031","volume":"53","author":"PM Hayes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hayes PM, Smit NJ, Seddon AM, Wertheim DF, Davies AJ (2006) A new fish haemogregarine from South Africa and its suspected dual transmission with trypanosomes by a marine leech. Folia Parasitol 53:241\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/fp.2006.031","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR24","volume-title":"Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Techniques","author":"RJ Henry","year":"1974","unstructured":"Henry RJ (1974) Clinical Chemistry, Principles and Techniques, 2nd edn. Harper and Row, Hagerstown","edition":"2"},{"key":"8026_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7591\/9781501735059","volume-title":"Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes","author":"GL Hoffman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hoffman GL (1999) Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes, 2nd edn. Cornell University Press, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7591\/9781501735059","edition":"2"},{"key":"8026_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.21608\/EAJBSE.2010.16456","volume":"2","author":"ANA Hussein","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hussein ANA, Rabie SA, Mohammed NE, Hussein NM (2010) Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of trypanosomes parasites infecting freshwater fishes in Qena Governorate. Egypt. Egypt Acad J Biolog Sci 2:31\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EAJBSE.2010.16456","journal-title":"Egypt. Egypt Acad J Biolog Sci"},{"key":"8026_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1079\/cabireviews\/19952204336","volume":"64","author":"IO Igbokwe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Igbokwe IO (1994) Mechanisms of cellular injury in African trypanosomiasis. Vet Bull 64:611\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/cabireviews\/19952204336","journal-title":"Vet Bull"},{"key":"8026_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3354\/dao011037","volume":"11","author":"AKMN Islam","year":"1991","unstructured":"Islam AKMN, Woo PTK (1991) Anemia and its mechanism in goldfish Carassius auratus infected with Trypanosoma danilewskyi. Dis Aquat Org 11:37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/dao011037","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"8026_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(01)00039-8","volume":"25","author":"SR Jones","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jones SR (2001) The occurrence and mechanisms of innate immunity against parasites in fish. Dev Comp Immunol 25:841\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0145-305X(01)00039-8","journal-title":"Dev Comp Immunol"},{"key":"8026_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03186003","volume":"90","author":"BD Joshi","year":"1981","unstructured":"Joshi BD, Dabral R (1981) Some haematological changes in a freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis infected with the trypanosome, Trypanosoma maguri. Proc Ani Sci 90:295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03186003","journal-title":"Proc Ani Sci"},{"key":"8026_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-009-9307-x","volume":"18","author":"A Karami","year":"2010","unstructured":"Karami A, Christianus A, Ishak Z, Courtenay SC, Syed MA, Noor Azlina M, Noorshinah H (2010) Effect of triploidization on juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquac Int 18:851\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-009-9307-x","journal-title":"Aquac Int"},{"key":"8026_CR32","first-page":"85","volume":"25","author":"PL Kokoshis","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kokoshis PL, Di Luzio NR (1979) Serum lysozyme: an index of macrophage function. J Reticuloendothel Soc 25:85\u201399","journal-title":"J Reticuloendothel Soc"},{"key":"8026_CR33","volume-title":"Protozoan parasites of fishes","author":"J Lom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lom J, Dykov\u00e1 I (1992) Protozoan parasites of fishes. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam"},{"key":"8026_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-012-1638-8","volume":"23","author":"KG Louren\u00e7o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Louren\u00e7o KG, Claudiano GS, Eto SF, Aguinaga JY, Marcusso PF, Salvador R, de Moraes JRE, de Moraes FR (2014) Hemoparasite and hematological parameters in Nile tilapia. Comp Clin Pathol 23:437\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00580-012-1638-8","journal-title":"Comp Clin Pathol"},{"key":"8026_CR35","volume-title":"Biochemistry of Parasites","author":"BG Maegraith","year":"1969","unstructured":"Maegraith BG (1969) Biochemistry of Parasites, vol 134. Academic Press, New York"},{"key":"8026_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2004.09.006","volume":"20","author":"B Magnad\u00f3ttir","year":"2006","unstructured":"Magnad\u00f3ttir B (2006) Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish Shellfish Immunol 20:137\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2004.09.006","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"8026_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104404","volume":"147","author":"GA-E Mahmoud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahmoud GA-E, Osman YA, Abdel-Hakeem SS (2020) Hydrolytic bacteria associated with natural helminth infection in the midgut of Red Sea marbled spinefoot rabbit fish Siganus rivulatus. Microb Pathog 147:104404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104404","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"8026_CR38","first-page":"86","volume":"7","author":"S Maraghi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maraghi S, Molyneux D, Wallbanks K (2012) Lysozyme activity in the plasma of rodents infected with their homologous trypanosomes. Iran J Parasitol 7:86\u201390","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02526-x","volume":"75","author":"DA Maslov","year":"1996","unstructured":"Maslov DA, Luke\u0161 J, Jirku M, Simpson L (1996) Phylogeny of trypanosomes as inferred from the small and large subunit rRNAs: implications for the evolution of parasitism in the trypanosomatid protozoa. Mol Biochem Parasitol 75:197\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0166-6851(95)02526-x","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2011.03.006","volume":"43","author":"IA Mekkawy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mekkawy IA, Mahmoud UM, Sayed AE-DH (2011) Effects of 4-nonylphenol on blood cells of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Tissue Cell 43:223\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tice.2011.03.006","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"8026_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612016027","volume":"25","author":"JP Molina","year":"2016","unstructured":"Molina JP, Madi RR, Solferini VN, Ceccarelli PS, Pinheiro HP, Ueta MT (2016) Trypanosomatids (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida) in three species of Armored Catfish from Mogi-Gua\u00e7u river, Pirassununga, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 25:131\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1984-29612016027","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet"},{"key":"8026_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.08.007","volume":"6","author":"P O'Donoghue","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Donoghue P (2017) Haemoprotozoa: Making biological sense of molecular phylogenies. Int J Parasitol-Parasit Wildl 6:241\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2017.08.007","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol-Parasit Wildl"},{"key":"8026_CR43","first-page":"624","volume":"4","author":"O Okoye Uzodinma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okoye Uzodinma O, Ndupuh E, Adeleye S (2016) A survey on endo-parasites of Clarias gariepinus in some selected fish farms in Owerri west local government area of Imo state, Nigeria. Int J Fish Aquat Stud 4:624\u2013631","journal-title":"Int J Fish Aquat Stud"},{"key":"8026_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04325-6","volume":"13","author":"AS Ortiz-Baez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ortiz-Baez AS, Cousins K, Eden J-S, Chang W-S, Harvey E, Pettersson JHO, Carver S, Polkinghorne A, \u0160lapeta J, Rose K, Holmes EC (2020) Meta-transcriptomic identification of Trypanosoma spp. in native wildlife species from Australia. Parasites Vectors 13:447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04325-6","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"8026_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.09.032","volume":"243","author":"A Panigrahi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Panigrahi A, Kiron V, Puangkaew J, Kobayashi T, Satoh S, Sugita H (2005) The viability of probiotic bacteria as a factor influencing the immune response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 243:241\u2013254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.09.032","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"8026_CR46","volume-title":"Innate\/natural resistance and non-lymphoid defence mechanisms in fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology; An Introduction","author":"PK Sahoo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sahoo PK (2006) Innate\/natural resistance and non-lymphoid defence mechanisms in fish. Fish and Shellfish Immunology; An Introduction. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi"},{"key":"8026_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12818","volume":"94","author":"AEDH Sayed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sayed AEDH (2018) UVA-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in red blood cells of the african catfish Clarias gariepinus. Photochem Photobiol 94:158\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/php.12818","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"8026_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.11.006","volume":"119","author":"AH Sayed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sayed AH, Abdel-Tawab HS, Hakeem SSA, Mekkawy IA (2013) The protective role of quince leaf extract against the adverse impacts of ultraviolet-A radiation on some tissues of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 119:9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2012.11.006","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol"},{"key":"8026_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0980-1_2","volume-title":"Fish Vaccines","author":"CJ Secombes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Secombes CJ, Belmonte R (2016) Overview of the fish adaptive immune system. In: Adams A (ed) Fish Vaccines. Springer Basel, Basel, pp 35\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-0348-0980-1_2"},{"key":"8026_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-004-0513-y","volume":"73","author":"SL Shah","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shah SL, Altindag A (2004) Hematological parameters of tench (Tinca tinca L.) after acute and chronic exposure to lethal and sublethal mercury treatments. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 73:911\u2013918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00128-004-0513-y","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"8026_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2013.v3.i2.p89","volume":"3","author":"N Shahi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shahi N, Yousuf AR, Rather MI, Ahmad F, Yaseen T (2013) First report of blood parasites in fishes from Kashmir and their effect on the haematological profile. Open Vet J 3:89\u201395","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"key":"8026_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003500","volume":"76","author":"M Shi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Shi M, Wei G, Pan W, Tabel H (2004) Trypanosoma congolense infections: antibody-mediated phagocytosis by Kupffer cells. J Leukoc Biol 76:399\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.1003500","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"8026_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.06.004","volume":"50","author":"NJ Smit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smit NJ, Joubert A, Lawton SP, Hayes PM, Cook CA (2020) Morphological and molecular characterization of an African freshwater fish trypanosome, including its development in a leech vector. Int J Parasitol 50:921\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2020.06.004","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2004.037","volume":"51","author":"NJ Smit","year":"2004","unstructured":"Smit NJ, Van As JG, Davies AJ (2004) Fish trypanosomes from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Folia Parasitol 51:299\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14411\/fp.2004.037","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR55","volume-title":"Fish Medicine","author":"KM Stoskoph","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stoskoph KM (1993) Fish Medicine. W. B Sannders Company, Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich Inc, Philadelphia"},{"key":"8026_CR56","volume-title":"Aquatic Animal Health Management; Opportunities and Challenges for Rural, Small-Scale Aquaculture and Enhanced Fisheries Development vol. 406","author":"RP Subasinghe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Subasinghe RP, Philips MJ (2002) Aquatic Animal Health Management; Opportunities and Challenges for Rural, Small-Scale Aquaculture and Enhanced Fisheries Development vol. 406. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, Rome"},{"key":"8026_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00268.x","volume":"21","author":"S Tachado","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tachado S, Mazhari-Tabrizi R, Schofield L (1999) Specificity in signal transduction among glycosylphosphatidylinositols of Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. Parasite Immunol 21:609\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1999.00268.x","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"8026_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.018","volume":"94","author":"MI Takeet","year":"2013","unstructured":"Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO, Donato MD, Yakubu A, Rodulfo HE, Peters SO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG (2013) Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Res Vet Sci 94:555\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.018","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"8026_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1039\/AN9881301073","volume":"113","author":"PK Tarafder","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tarafder PK, Rathore DPS (1988) Spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in water. Analyst 113:1073\u20131076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/AN9881301073","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"8026_CR60","first-page":"277","volume":"22","author":"L Tort","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tort L, Balasch J, Mackenzie S (2003) Fish Immune System. A crossroads between innate and adaptive responses. Inmunologia 22:277\u2013286","journal-title":"Inmunologia"},{"key":"8026_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0728w.x","volume":"238","author":"L Troeberg","year":"1996","unstructured":"Troeberg L, Pike RN, Morty RE, Berry RK, Coetzer TH, Lonsdale-Eccles JD (1996) Proteases from Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Purification, characterisation and interactions with host regulatory molecules. Eur J Biochem 238:728\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1996.0728w.x","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"8026_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/16.3_ts.40","volume":"16","author":"CTE Weichselbaum","year":"1946","unstructured":"Weichselbaum CTE (1946) An accurate and rapid method for the determination of proteins in small amounts of blood serum and plasma. Am J Clin Pathol 16:40\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/16.3_ts.40","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"8026_CR63","volume-title":"The ecology of the genus Synodontis (Siluroidei) in Lake Kainji","author":"NG Willoughby","year":"1974","unstructured":"Willoughby NG (1974) The ecology of the genus Synodontis (Siluroidei) in Lake Kainji. University of Southampton, Nigeria"},{"key":"8026_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.2307\/3281762","volume":"70","author":"PT Woo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Woo PT, Black GA (1984) Trypanosoma danilewskyi: host specificity and host\u2019s effect on morphometrics. J Parasitol 70:788\u2013793","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"8026_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294x.1996.tb00287.x","volume":"5","author":"ME Woolhouse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Woolhouse ME, McNamara JJ, Hargrove JW, Bealby KA (1996) Distribution and abundance of trypanosome (subgenus Nannomonas) infections of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes in southern Africa. Mol Ecol 5:11\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294x.1996.tb00287.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"}],"container-title":["Parasitology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08026-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08026-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08026-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1706861420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08026-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["8026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-023-08026-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0932-0113","1432-1955"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0932-0113","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1955","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All experiments were carried out in accordance with Egyptian laws and University guidelines for the ethical treatment of experimental animals. The protocols for the current experiment have approved under the number 06\/2023\/0074 by the Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10"}}